Different Linux command @faced in Interview

>chage :-
chage (1) - change user password expiry information

amaresh@eOdissa-desktop:~$ chage -l amaresh
Last password change : Jul 08, 2009
Password expires : never
Password inactive : never
Account expires : never
Minimum number of days between password change : 0
Maximum number of days between password change : 99999
Number of days of warning before password expires : 7

>seq:-
seq (1) - print a sequence of numbers

amaresh@eOdissa-desktop:~$ seq 1 4
1
2
3
4
amaresh@eOdissa-desktop:~$ seq 1 2 6
1
3
5
amaresh@eOdissa-desktop:~$ seq 6
1
2
3
4
5
6
amaresh@eOdissa-desktop:~$ seq 1 3 9
1
4
7

>vmstat :-
vmstat (8) - Report virtual memory statistics

usage: vmstat [-V] [-n] [delay [count]]
-V prints version.
-n causes the headers not to be reprinted regularly.
-a print inactive/active page stats.
-d prints disk statistics
-D prints disk table
-p prints disk partition statistics
-s prints vm table
-m prints slabinfo
-S unit size
delay is the delay between updates in seconds.
unit size k:1000 K:1024 m:1000000 M:1048576 (default is K)
count is the number of updates.

Q:What command do you use to get the information about disk statistics?
Ans:- vmstat -d

amaresh@eOdissa-desktop:~$ vmstat -d
disk- ------------reads------------ ------------writes----------- -----IO------
total merged sectors ms total merged sectors ms cur sec
ram0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
sr0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
sda 129824 12599 1675591 430108 108073 14333 979288 2993424 0 36


Q:What command do you use to get the information about disk table?
Ans:-vmstat -D

amaresh@eOdissa-desktop:~$ vmstat -D
18 disks
5 partitions
129824 total reads
12599 merged reads
1675591 read sectors
430108 milli reading
107383 writes
13450 merged writes
966704 written sectors
2990880 milli writing
0 inprogress IO
366 milli spent IO

Q:What command do you use to get the information about no of forking ?
Ans:- vmstat -f

amaresh@eOdissa-desktop:~$ vmstat -f
11008 forks


>What command do you use to create swap space?

Getting Back to a Pure Gnome on Ubuntu from Kbuntu and vice Versa!

If you want to remove kbuntu, then follow the bellow steps :-

If you used aptitude to install other desktop environments, you will not need this tutorial, as you can just type bellow command into your terminal/konsol to get back to your "pure Gnome."

sudo aptitude remove kubuntu-desktop
or
sudo aptitude remove xubuntu-desktop

If you want to remove Ubuntu, then follow the bellow steps:-

If you used aptitude to install other desktop environments, you will not need this tutorial, as you can just type bellow command into your terminal/konsol to get back to your "pure KDE."

sudo aptitude remove ubuntu-desktop
or
sudo aptitude remove xubuntu-desktop

Remove Kubuntu
Paste this command into the terminal:

sudo apt-get remove adept akregator amarok amarok-xine ark arts artsbuilder avahi-daemon bogofilter bogofilter-bdb bogofilter-common debtags enscript flac gtk2-engines-gtk-qt gwenview imagemagick k3b kaddressbook kaffeine kaffeine-xine kamera karm katapult kate kaudiocreator kcontrol kcron kde-guidance kde-style-lipstik kde-systemsettings kdeadmin-kfile-plugins kdebase-bin kdebase-data kdebase-kio-plugins kdebluetooth kdegraphics-kfile-plugins kdelibs-bin kdelibs-data kdelibs4c2a kdemultimedia-kfile-plugins kdemultimedia-kio-plugins kdenetwork-filesharing kdenetwork-kfile-plugins kdepasswd kdepim-kio-plugins kdepim-kresources kdepim-wizards kdeprint kdesktop kdm kdnssd keep kfind kghostview khelpcenter kicker kio-apt kio-locate kitchensync klaptopdaemon klipper kmail kmailcvt kmenuedit kmilo kmix kmplayer-base kmplayer-konq-plugins knetworkconf knotes koffice-data koffice-libs konq-plugins konqueror konqueror-nsplugins konsole kontact konversation kooka kopete korganizer kpdf kpersonalizer kpf kppp krdc krfb krita krita-data kscd kscreensaver kscreensaver-xsavers ksmserver ksnapshot ksplash ksplash-engine-moodin ksvg ksysguard ksysguardd ksystemlog ktorrent kubuntu-artwork-usplash kubuntu-default-settings kubuntu-desktop kubuntu-docs kubuntu-konqueror-shortcuts kwalletmanager kwin kwin-style-crystal language-selector-qt latex-xft-fonts libakode2 libarts1-akode libarts1c2a libartsc0 libavahi-core4 libavahi-qt3-1 libdaemon0 libdbus-qt-1-1c2 libflac++5c2 libgadu3 libgpgme11 libgsl0 libjpeg-progs libk3b2 libkcal2b libkcddb1 libkdepim1a libkipi0 libkleopatra1 libkmime2 libkonq4 libkpimexchange1 libkpimidentities1 libkscan1 libksieve0 libktnef1 liblockdev1 libmimelib1c2a libmodplug0c2 libmpcdec3 libnss-mdns liboggflac3 libopenexr2c2a libpcre3 libpoppler1-qt libpythonize0 libqt-perl libqt3-mt librsync1 libruby1.8 libsamplerate0 libsensors3 libskim0 libsmokeqt1 libtdb1 libtunepimp2c2a libxcomposite1 libxine-main1 libxvmc1 menu-xdg openoffice.org-kde perl-suid poster postfix procmail psutils pykdeextensions python-kde3 python2.4-dev python2.4-kde3 python2.4-qt3 python2.4-sip4-qt3 qca-tls qobex rdiff-backup ruby ruby1.8 scim-qtimm skim speedcrunch ssl-cert vorbis-tools wlassistant

Remove Xubuntu
Paste this command into the terminal:

sudo apt-get remove abiword abiword-common abiword-help abiword-plugins anthy gnumeric-common gnumeric-gtk gqview gtk2-engines-xfce im-switch latex-xft-fonts libaiksaurus-1.2-0c2a libaiksaurus-1.2-data libaiksaurusgtk-1.2-0c2a libanthy0 libbeecrypt6 libchewing-data libchewing2 libenchant1c2a libexo-0.3-0 libgdome2-0 libgdome2-cpp-smart0c2a libgoffice-1-common libgoffice-gtk-1-2 libgsf-gnome-1-113 libgtkmathview0c2a libjpeg-progs libmodplug0c2 libots0 libpcre3 librpm4 libt1-5 libtagc0 libthunar-vfs-1 libwpd-stream8c2a libxcomposite1 libxfce4mcs-client3 libxfce4mcs-manager3 libxfce4util4 libxfcegui4-4 libxine-main1 libxvmc1 mousepad mozilla-thunderbird orage rpm scim-anthy scim-chewing scim-hangul scim-pinyin thunar thunar-media-tags-plugin xarchiver xfburn xfce4-appfinder xfce4-battery-plugin xfce4-clipman-plugin xfce4-cpugraph-plugin xfce4-fsguard-plugin xfce4-icon-theme xfce4-mailwatch-plugin xfce4-mcs-manager xfce4-mcs-plugins xfce4-mixer xfce4-mixer-alsa xfce4-mount-plugin xfce4-netload-plugin xfce4-panel xfce4-quicklauncher-plugin xfce4-screenshooter-plugin xfce4-session xfce4-systemload-plugin xfce4-taskmanager xfce4-terminal xfce4-utils xfce4-verve-plugin xfce4-weather-plugin xfce4-xkb-plugin xfdesktop4 xfmedia xfprint4 xfwm4 xfwm4-themes xscreensaver xubuntu-artwork-usplash xubuntu-default-settings xubuntu-desktop xubuntu-docs

Remove Ubuntu
Paste this command into the terminal:

sudo apt-get remove acpi acpi-support acpid alacarte alsa-base alsa-utils anacron apmd avahi-daemon bc ca-certificates consolekit cupsys cupsys-bsd cupsys-client cupsys-driver-gutenprint dc dcraw desktop-file-utils doc-base eog evince fast-user-switch-applet file-roller foomatic-db foomatic-db-engine foomatic-filters gcalctool gconf-editor gdebi gdm gedit genisoimage ghostscript-x gimp-python gnome-about gnome-app-install gnome-applets gnome-control-center gnome-icon-theme gnome-media gnome-menus gnome-netstatus-applet gnome-nettool gnome-panel gnome-pilot-conduits gnome-power-manager gnome-session gnome-spell gnome-system-monitor gnome-system-tools gnome-terminal gnome-themes gnome-utils gnome-volume-manager gstreamer0.10-alsa gstreamer0.10-plugins-base-apps gstreamer0.10-pulseaudio gtk2-engines gtk2-engines-pixbuf gucharmap hal hotkey-setup hwtest-gtk language-selector launchpad-integration lftp libgl1-mesa-glx libglut3 libgnome2-perl libgnomevfs2-bin libgnomevfs2-extra libpt-1.10.10-plugins-v4l libpt-1.10.10-plugins-v4l2 libsasl2-modules libxp6 metacity nautilus nautilus-cd-burner nautilus-sendto notification-daemon openprinting-ppds pnm2ppa powermanagement-interface pulseaudio pulseaudio-esound-compat readahead rss-glx screen screensaver-default-images scrollkeeper seahorse smbclient software-properties-gtk ssh-askpass-gnome synaptic system-config-printer-gnome tangerine-icon-theme tsclient ttf-bitstream-vera ttf-dejavu-core ttf-freefont ubuntu-artwork ubuntu-sounds unzip update-manager update-notifier usplash usplash-theme-ubuntu x-ttcidfont-conf xdg-user-dirs xdg-user-dirs-gtk xkb-data xorg xscreensaver-data xscreensaver-gl xterm yelp zenity zip app-install-data-commercial apport-gtk avahi-autoipd bluez-cups bluez-gnome bluez-utils bogofilter brasero brltty brltty-x11 bug-buddy cdparanoia compiz contact-lookup-applet cups-pdf deskbar-applet displayconfig-gtk diveintopython dvd+rw-tools ekiga espeak evolution evolution-exchange evolution-plugins evolution-webcal example-content f-spot firefox firefox-gnome-support foo2zjs foomatic-db-hpijs fortune-mod gcc gimp gimp-gnomevfs gnome-accessibility-themes gnome-games gnome-mag gnome-orca gnome-screensaver gnome-user-guide gvfs-fuse hal-cups-utils hplip im-switch jockey-gtk landscape-client laptop-detect libdeskbar-tracker libgl1-mesa-dri libnss-mdns libpam-gnome-keyring linux-headers-generic make min12xxw mousetweaks nautilus-share network-manager-gnome onboard openoffice.org-calc openoffice.org-gnome openoffice.org-impress openoffice.org-writer pidgin pidgin-otr powernowd pulseaudio-module-gconf pulseaudio-module-hal pulseaudio-module-x11 pxljr rhythmbox scim scim-bridge-agent scim-bridge-client-gtk scim-gtk2-immodule sound-juicer splix tomboy totem totem-mozilla tracker tracker-search-tool transmission-gtk ttf-arabeyes ttf-arphic-uming ttf-indic-fonts-core ttf-kochi-gothic ttf-kochi-mincho ttf-lao ttf-malayalam-fonts ttf-thai-tlwg ttf-unfonts-core ubufox ubuntu-docs vinagre vino wodim wvdial xcursor-themes xdg-utils xsane

How to Change your Ubuntu Festiy to Hardy or Jaunty Ubuntu Repository?

Hi,

I faced the same as i was unable to update any software and faced like bellow error,

root@eOdissa-desktop:/home/amaresh# apt-get install update
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
E: Couldn't find package update

Solution for this:--

1. Anyway, here it is, for you to download the source.list. You might want to open it in a text editor, so it doesn’t open Synaptic for you. This list uses the Norwegian mirrors. Just add from “3rd party repos” and down.
2. then do "gedit /etc/apt/source.list"
3. replace the content of source.list with downloaded file
4. reboot the system
   
5. goto System --> Administration --> Software source ; then click all check post and change the repository to "main server"
6. wait for upgrading ...
7. It will like bellow...
   

Command Line Interface

Just add the following lines to your /etc/apt/sources.list :

For Ubuntu 9.04 (Jaunty Jackalope):
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jaunty-backports main universe multiverse restricted

For Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex):
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu intrepid-backports main universe multiverse restricted

For Ubuntu 8.04 (Hardy Heron):
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hardy-backports main universe multiverse restricted

For Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake):
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main universe multiverse restricted

After refreshing the package manager's cache, packages from the backport repositories will now be available for installation.


Go to System > Administration > Software Sources

Then, make sure the main, universe, restricted, and multiverse sources are all checked (or ticked). In most cases, you will not need the source code or CD-ROM/DVD sources.

I believe in Ubuntu 9.04 these should be all checked by default.

You should also choose to download from your country's server in the Download from section. This puts a little less strain on the main Canonical servers.

Next, click on the Third-Party Software tab and click Add

In the APT line paste in

deb http://packages.medibuntu.org/ jaunty free non-free

if you're using Ubuntu 9.04.

For Ubuntu 8.10, you should substitute intrepid for jaunty
For Ubuntu 8.04, you should substitute hardy for jaunty

Then click Add Source

Click the Close button (next to Revert at the lower-right-hand corner). You'll be prompted to Reload. Go ahead and do so.

Some information will then be downloaded letting your Ubuntu installation know what new software is available for installation.

You will get an error message saying that the public key isn't available for the Medibuntu repositories. That's okay. We're about to fix that.

Go to System > Administration > Synaptic Package Manager

When Synaptic Package Manager opens, click on Search at the top-right corner and when the Find dialogue box appears, search for the word medibuntu and then click Search.

When you find the medibuntu-keyring package in the results, right-click it and select Mark for Installation. Then click Mark again to confirm.

Then click Apply and Apply again to confirm.

Once the keyring is installed,

More about repositories

So what are all of these different repositories anyway? Ubuntu Linux has a commitment to open source software, and so for mainly philosophical (and secondarily sometimes legal) reasons, it doesn't include a lot of proprietary software by default. The Ubuntu development team also can offer full support for only the official Ubuntu repositories (Main and Restricted).

You can read on the Ubuntu website more in-depth descriptions of the different types of repositories. Here's a quick low-down, though:

• Main: Freely licensed software that's officially supported.
• Restricted: Not exactly freely licensed software that is pretty essential to getting a lot of popular configurations working.
• Universe: A lot of freely licensed software that's packaged by the community and not officially supported.
• Multiverse: Not freely licensed software, also put together by the Ubuntu community and not officially supported.
• Medibuntu: Software not included in the other repositories for various reasons.

There is also a volunteer group that puts together a lot of .deb packages for software not in the repositories or of newer versions than are currently in the repositories. Their software can be found at GetDeb.

Source:--

• www.google.com
• www.help.ubuntu.com
• www.psychocats.net