Computer And Technologies

Common Problems in CVS

2010-08-29T16:02:00.000-07:00

Problem 1:- How will we modify our conflict occurred files ?

While updating if you will get message like bellow, then check,

This will list:

* "A filename" for files that you added
* "M filename" for files that you modified
* "C filename" for files that have conflicts

Conflicts are files that you modified and that were modified on the head revision as well.

@ If u ll get C or conflict then go to that file and remove that lines and duplicate line then it will recover, it because, if more than two developer working on same file and comming on same time then conflict occures,

Files with conflicts will have conflict markers in them. Conflict markers look like:

<<<<<<< filename
your lines
=======
other person's lines
>>>>>>> current version

Problem 2:-

If you are using your colleague's checked out code for some changes, after that If you made any changes in code and then if you will try to check-in the code in CVS from your machine,after that if it will ask your colleague's password for checking-in. So How will we resolve this one ?

Soln:-
Please fine the CVS dir on your present code directory, then go to CVS dirctory, there, you will find Entries, Root, Repository like files , So now open that Rot file and change that username then your problem will solve, else let me know.
Steps:
cd CVS
vim Root
edit present urername to your username
@cvs:
:wq // save and quit
cd .. // come to parent directory
then do your work ..
it will fine

Problem 3:-
Is there any way to identify the information of deleted lines in a file through CVS annotate or any other means?

Soln:-

You deleted from CVS or local server ? if u deleted from both server then i have to see, else if u deleted from either local server or CVS server then do "cvs -q up -Pd "

else do " cvs -q up -Pd -r " .

Problem4:-

When I view the "cvs log", the log report is fetching the file but says

"date: 2008/12/31 06:00:51; author: amareshcd; state: Exp; lines: +0 -0"
But I have added with 130 lines. Why the log is not showing "+130 -0" in its report. ?

Soln:-

Use ,"cvs log -d date1 logfile.log"

Problem5:-

I have files that went into the Attic. How do I restore them back? Viewing the files revealed that they're in DEAD State. Someone has 'cvs remove'd the files. Just restore them with 'cvs add'. How ?

Soln:-

Step1:-
cvs log
Step2:-
Find til newest non-dead version
step 3:-
cvs update -r
step4:-
mv foo
step 5:-
cvs update -A
step 6:-
mv foo
step 7:-
cvs add
step 8:-
cvs commit -m "bring out your dead"

First Unicode Odia Designer Font eOdissaBOXUni released...

2010-03-24T00:52:00.000-07:00

=====================================

Wish you all a Happy International Water Day. Drink plenty of water to fight SunRays n also at the same time conserve for others.

What is network Entry procedure in WIMAX -interview question?

2010-03-20T20:04:00.000-07:00

Go to the Section of Network entry and Initialization of wimax std 802.16d (page 167, section , 6.3.9)

The phases are :-

It scans the download channel and established synchronization with the BS (Base station)
Obtain the transmit parameter (from UCD message)
Perform ranging.
Negotiate basic capabilities.
Authorize SS and performs key exchange for privacy.
Perform registration.
Established IP connectivity.
Established TOD (time of Day)
Transfer operational parameters.
Setup connection .

The stages of 7, 8 and 9 are optional for SS . These phases are performed if the SS has indicated in the REG-REQ message that it is a managed SS.

Job opening for Executive-Field Operations(MAN-INFRA)

2010-01-05T01:12:00.000-08:00

Hi,

With ref. to your Cv in monster.com, plz. find job opening for one of our reputed client below.

Company : Tata Communication

Position : Executive-Field Operations(MAN-INFRA)

Location:Pune

Responsibilities

1. Project manage Service Assurance (SA) related OSS/BSS projects with IT organisation
2. Work with Service Assurance internal teams to identify and analyze automation requirements
3. Develop automation tools using Unix shell scripts, PHP, Perl, Apache, Mysql, and Java. Knowlege of other development tools is an added advantage.
4. Development of webbased management dashboards

Requirements

Candidate should be a Engineering graduate or diploma holder in Engg
Candidate should have atleast 3 years of experience in development of web based tools
Expertise in SQL is a must
Familiarity with IP and/or Transmission network technology will be an added advantage
Candidate should be able work in a fast paced telecom environment and should be open to learning new technologies with/without formal training
Candidate should be able a team player and should have good interpersonal skills
Excellent spoken and written skills in English is a must

TECHNICAL SKILLS:

Work with SA operations internal teams to analyze automation requirements
Develop automation tools using Unix shell scripts, PHP, Perl, Apache, Mysql, and Java
Project manage SA related IT projects with IT organisation
Development of webbased management dashboards
Candidate should have atleast 3 years of experience in development of tools
Familiarity with MySQL is needed
Familiarity with IP and/or Transmission network technology will be an added advantage

Candidate should be willing to travel to Mumbai on short term assignments

Kindly revert back if interested ,by mailing in your updated CV with ur

current & expected CTC.

Notice period.

Kavita - Mangalam Placement Pvt. Ltd."

Thank you

Regards
Kavita Pathare | Mangalam Placements Pvt. Ltd.
204, Pujit Plaza, Sector - 11, | CBD Belapur,
Navi Mumbai - 400 416.
022- 40179626 | (Direct Line)
022-40179696 | (Board Line)
Kavita - Mangalam Placement Pvt. Ltd."
"The greatness of any enterprise is perhaps above all uniting men"

Flag this message Informatica Opening with US Based @ Bangalore

2010-01-05T01:09:00.000-08:00

Hi,

I got your mail id from Naukri.com. I have the following opening with our client @ Bangalore.

Experience -4 to 6 Years

Working experience in Informatica
Expertise in Unix/PLsql/SQL/ Oracle

Professionals interested in exploring this opportunity can forward their profile to mohanapriya@roljobs.com with the following details

Total Experience
Relevant in informatica
Current CTC:
Expected CTC:
Joining Time:
Contact no:
Are u willing to relocate to Bangalore?

Thanks & Regards
Priya
Roland & Associates

"mohanapriya@roljobs.com"

Openings for Delphi Professionals

2010-01-05T01:08:00.000-08:00

DynPro specializes in helping companies build infrastructures that can weather the most fierce storms by focusing on strong fundamentals: appropriate and effective systems, the right people, and proven business processes. Our worldwide force of technology and business experts can identify the right solutions to meet any challenge. Our relationships with the world's best service and product providers ensures that you get the most practical, value-driven solutions available anywhere.

We have following urgent requirement

Skill details : - Delphi
Years of experience : 3 - 10 years

If you fulfil all above basic criteria

Pls forward your updated profile along with following details

Current CTC:
Expected CTC:
Notice Period:
Passport details & Visa Status

(Ignore this mail who have already responded).

Pls forward to your known circle also.
Note: Salary is not constraint for this requirement

Thanks & Regards,

Vinod
DynPro India Pvt. Ltd.
#3793, 7th Main,
HAL 2nd Stage, Indira Nagar,
Bangalore-560 038.
E-Mail ID: vinod@dynproindia.com
URL: www.dynproindia.com
Messenger: girish.narasimha@gmail.com

C# with .NET Developer opening with a product based MNC in Chennai

2010-01-05T00:57:00.000-08:00

Dear Amaresh,

C# with .NET Developer opening with a product based MNC in Chennai

Requirement is given below

Position:SSE
Experience: 4 - 9 yrs
Qualification: BE/B Tech/ME/M Tech (CSE, IT, EEE,ECE)
Job Description:
Education: Bachelor's or Master's degree in Software Engineering, Computer Science, or related field.

Experience: 4+ years of applicable work experience

* Expertise in C++, C#, DotNet and OOAD
* Experience in design and development of GUI applications
* Excellent verbal and written communication skills
* Product design, implementation and testing experience
* Ability to work independently with minimal supervision.

Other: Experience in network security protocols, wireless, 802.11, Bluetooth
DESCRIPTION OF FUNCTION & RESPONSIBILITY:
* Design and develop software applications and tools for wireless networking on Windows OS platform
* Support software releases during test and release cycle

If you are interested Send your updated profile to saku@roljobs.com with the following details,

Total IT Exp:
Current CTC :
Expected CTC:
Joining Time:
Active contact no:

Please mention your complete Educational & Employment details within your resume

Thanks & Regards.
Saku

"Roland & associates"

Development Engineers (2+yrs) for a Multibillion MNC in Chennai/Bangalore. Only Bangalore and Pune candidates can apply

2010-01-04T03:52:00.000-08:00

Development Engineers (2+yrs) for a Multibillion MNC in Chennai/Bangalore. Only Bangalore and Pune candidates can apply [Send profiles to ankita@wengerwatson.com]

Skills required:
Hands-on experience in C++/ Java
Strong CS fundamentals
Expertise in data Structure & Algorithms
Education: BE/Btech/ ME / Mtech - Computer Science - From premier institutes

Please share your profiles with ankita@wengerwatson.com

NAUVUS TECHNOLOGY-FRESHERS JOB..

2010-01-04T03:23:00.000-08:00

Experience:0 - 2 Years

Location:Bengaluru/ Bangalore

Compensation: Rupees 80,000 - 1,50,000
Performance bonus

Education:UG - B.Tech/B.E. - Computers

PG - MCA - Computers

Industry Type:IT-Software/ Software Services

Role:Software Developer

Functional Area:Mobile

Job Description

Nuvus Technologies (http://www.nuvus. com) )

Nuvus Technologies is a leading mobile development company in the world. It is a startup with its development team in Bangalore and USA. The team in India has developing a range of iPhone applications which have been used by more than a million users. The work is exciting and challenging. And we are looking for very good programmers. We do not care about your percentage.

You will be joining a team of peers who are talented developers. We want people who are interested in programming.

If you are very good in C or C++ or Java, it is an opportunity you should check out ! We are not a services company. We are a team of developers who develop our own products ! We have worked on more than 100 iPhone apps and few of the best selling applications in iPhone, Android and other mobile platforms.

C, C++ or Java Software Developers for iPhone dev. Freshers welcome.

Do you want to be in a company where you get to develop popular and exciting applications ? Where you will never run the risk of landing up in the testing or maintenance division ?

By "experience" we do not mean job experience but the programming you have done since you were in school.

The candidate MUST:

1) Have spent around 1000 hours in programming in C, C++ or Java

2) Have great analytical skills.

3) Have good communication skills.

4) Proven ability of programming and writing quality code.

5) Object oriented skills.

Nice to have (Please mention in resume / cover letter):

1) iPhone or Mac programming experience.

2) Programming knowledge in php, python, perl, mysql etc.

3) Graphics skills.

4) Game programming knowledge.

5) Android, Blackberry, other mobile programming experience.

6) Experience with any SDK or IDE

First few months you will be working on probation. You will learn and get hands-on training on the latest mobile platforms ( mainly iPhone and mac ) on one of the hottest emerging markets. After the probation period, you will be absorbed into permanent positions.

If you are looking for intership, please mention in the title of the email.

Only a few openings left, so respond immediately.

Please mention these in your cover letter:

a) Your programming level

b) Five programs you have written single handedly.

c) How soon can you join in Bangalore ?

d) Your salary expectation (if anything specific).

Job Location : Bangalore

Desired Experience : 0-2 Years

Email us at careers@nuvus. com

Desired Candidate Profile

1) Have spent around 1000 hours in programming in C, C++ or Java

2) Have great analytical skills.

3) Have good communication skills.

4) Proven ability of programming and writing quality code.

5) Object oriented skills.
Company Profile

Nuvus is a leading mobile development software company based in Bangalore.
Contact Details

Company Name:Nuvus Technologies

Website:http://www.nuvus. com

Executive Name:Chandra Shekar

Email Address:careers@nuvus. com

Flag this message Immediate Jobs for "Core java Developer

2010-01-04T00:53:00.000-08:00

Dear Amaresh,

We are Hiring:
Skills:
Strong hands on experience in Core Java development ( at least level 4 certified) on Linux OS.

Experience in Scripting ( Shell and/or PERL scripting), very good knowledge of and/or experience in JUnit tools ( Test development), UML, J2EE development

Design patterns and Rational tools.

Exposure to servers/systems based development would be a plus.

Job Location :Bangalore.

Candidates are requested to send thier resume as soon as possible.

MANY THANKS:
Anmol Singh
TAG(WF&RPO)- India Ops

MATAFLEX TECHNOLOGIES

DID: +91-172- 4240009
Fax : +91-172-4240029
Email: anmol.singh@mataflex.com

Web: www.mataflex.com

Linkedin: http://in.linkedin.com/in/anmol143
IT Services| Infrastructure Management Services | Education Services
India | Singapore

Flag this message Unix Shell scripting opening for Bangalore

2010-01-03T22:51:00.000-08:00

Dear Amaresh,

Hi,

IVitesse Technologies (ISO 9001-2000) is a leading provider of high-end, quality business technology solution and services with the traditional core competencies in the area of packaged solutions such as SAP, JD Edwards and Oracle E-Applications. IVitesse ensures that it's customers' IT environment deliver the high standards of availability and efficiency their business demands.

We have excellent job opening for Unix shell scripting profile for Bangalore location.

Experience:-5-6yrs

Job location:-Hyderabad

Job type:-Contract (3months) to hire

Description:- Develop UNIX shell Scripts to automate the deployment, administration, and monitoring of a large-scale UNIX environment
Gain deep application-level knowledge of the systems as well as contributing to their overall design
Work with Functional and development teams to enhance, document and improve UNIX scripting standards
Assist in the configuration/build-out of new deployments to facilitate our constant growth
Participate in a 24x7 on-call if needed
4-5 Years experience is Mandatory.
3+ years of experience in Unix Production Support with Unix Shell Scripting
Extensive UNIX shell scripting background
Strong troubleshooting and problem solving skills
Excellent written and verbal communication skills
Experience working with development and production operations
Experience with SAP, Control-M & Connect Direct desirable

Send your resume to :- sumita.baidya@ivitiesse.com

Job for C,C++ (telecom domain)

2009-12-08T20:59:00.000-08:00

I am forwarding you the JDs as per our telecom. Kindly revert with some reference if any

· 1 - 6 yrs. Experience in software development in embedded/real- time platforms

· Responsible for development and integration of SW for GSM, GPRS and EDGE mobile handsets.

· Knowledge and expertise in the following areas GSM, GPRS, EDGE protocols (esp. in Layer 1).

· Software Engineering, RTOS, Embedded SW development using C and assembly (TI DSP).

· Programming language :C or C++ OS:RTOS or Linux environment

· You should hold a Bachelors or Masters Degree in Electrical/Electron ics/Computer Engineering

Send Resume to :- meenakshi.wizlead@ gmail.com

Regards,

Meenakshi

Genero victor consulting services

Ness Technologies Bangalore-QA 2-4 Yrs Of Exp in Automation(QTP)

2009-12-08T20:57:00.000-08:00

Hi All ,

If anybody having the below skillset send me the resume parthajena@gmail.com

We have one QA open position in ELO Team . The position is for QA – Automation with Hands on QTP experience

Exp : 2-4 yrs

Refer your friends , Send me the resume to this ID.

Ho will you detect SNMP crash or core dump ?

2009-11-10T02:35:00.000-08:00

How will you detect or how to debug where the core dump occures?
Please follow the steps:-

GDB is the GNU debugger, which is a terminal-based debugger. DDD is a graphical (GUI) front end to GDB.

Normal invocation

The simplest way to run an application under GDB is like so:

$ gdb /usr/local/sbin/snmpd
(gdb) run -f -Lo

The '-f' is necessary to prevent snmpd from forking into the background, and '-Lo' tells snmpd to send log messages to STDOUT (i.e. print them in the GDB console window).

Libtool invocation

Net-SNMP uses libtool while building it's applications. This means that sometimes the applications in the source/build directory are not actually binaries, but shell scripts. The libtool script does some magic so that the applications will run using the shared libraries in the build directory, instead of any libraries installed on the system. To run an application with GDB, you have to run GDB through libtool, like so:

$ ./libtool gdb agent/snmpd
(gdb) run -f -Lo

Getting a backtrace (aka stack trace)

Once you have got an application running under GDB, you can easily get a backtrace, which will display the sequence of functions that were called to arrive at the point where the debugger is currently stopped.

(gdb) bt
#0  0x10153d78 in init_snmp(type=0x101bb140 "snmp") at snmp_api.c:854
#1  0x1000524c in main(argc=3, argv=0x7fe04636) at snmpd.c:910

If an application has crashed, often it will leave a core file. This core file can usually be loaded into GDB to get debugging information after the fact. Simply add the path to the core file after the path to the application when starting GDB.

$ gdb /usr/local/sbin/snmpd /tmp/core.70816

Often this will tell you why the application crashed (e.g. SIGSEGV, aka signal 11). You can then get a backtrace to send to one of the mailing lists for interpretation.

If testing snmpd (or another application) from within the source tree, you'll need to run gdb via libtool:

$ ./libtool gdb agent/snmpd /tmp/core.70816

Debugger "DGB" Part-1

2009-11-10T02:33:00.000-08:00

Introduction

This is a very short introduction into using gdb. Target audience is a unix user which has a serious problem with some application and wants to help fixing the issue by giving detailed informations to the developer or maintainer of the application.

Debug information

Unix binaries can have debug informations attached. gdb can use the debug informations to provide more detailed informations (like function prototypes, source file names and line numbers, ...), thus it is generally a good idea to use a binary which has debug informations.

gcc has a command line switch (-g) which will make gcc write debug informations into object files and executables. It is common practice in the free software community to compile projects with debug info, but strip it off when installing with "make install". Thus you'll usually see a big file size difference between the executables within the source tree and the installed ones, and using the executables from the source tree with gdb gives better results.

Analyzing a segfault

The linux kernel is able to write a so called core dump if some application crashes. This core dump records the state of the process at the time of the crash. gdb can read such a core dump and get informations out of it.

Most distributions have core dumps disabled by default, thus you'll have to reenable them first. "ulimit -c unlimited" will do that for the current shell and all processes started from it. Check the bash manpage if you want to know more about the ulimit command.

The next time some application crashes with a segfault you'll see that the message "Segmentation fault" changed to "Segmentation fault (core dumped)" and you'll find a file named "core" or "core.pid" in the current directory. Note: You need also write access for the current directory, otherwise that isn't going to happen.

Now it is time to start gdb to see what exactly happened. The first argument for gdb should be the executable of the crashed application, the second the core dump written due to the crash. gdb will read alot of informations and will great you with a "(gdb)" prompt when it is done. The most useful piece of information for a developer is a so called stacktrace. Typing "bt" at the prompt asks gdb to print one (which you can mail to the developer). With "quit" you'll leave gdb.

Other ways to use gdb

You can start a application completely under gdb's control. To do that just type "gdb executable". At the gdb prompt type "run arguments" to start the application. If the application receives some signal gdb will give you a prompt asking for commands. You can also type Ctrl-C at any time to get a gdb prompt. The most useful gdb commands are:

bt: print a stacktrace (as mentioned above).
c: continue running the application.
print expression: print the value of the specified expression. Can be used to inspect the value of certain variables for example, simply specify the variable name as expression
quit: quit gdb.

It is also possibel to attach gdb to a already running process. This can be done with "gdb executable pid". gdb will attach to the process specified by the process id. That might be useful it some application seems to be stuck in a endless loop and you want to figure where exactly it hangs.

Advanced gdb debugging

If you start to do more things with gdb than just printing a stacktrace you likely notice some odd effects like not being able to inspect certain variables. That may happen due to compiler optimizations. If gcc decides to make a variable a register variable (i.e. never store it somewhere in memory) gdb will not see it. To avoid that rebuild the application you are going to debug without optimizations.

More common gdb commands are:

s: single step though the application.
break argument: set breakpoints, i.e. make the application stop (and gdb give you a prompt) once it reaches some specific point, some function for example.
watch expression: set a watchpoint, i.e. stop if expression has changed. Can be used to catch the line of code which modifies some variable for example.
up, down: walk up and down in the stack, to inspect variables in other places of the stack too, not just the current function.
help: gdb online help. Go read there all the details, the scope of this document ends just here :-)
BTW: a nice info manual for gdb is available too.

other useful debug tools

electric fence: malloc debugger, helps to catch typical memory management bugs like accessing already freed memory, buffer overflows, ...
Comes as library which can either explicitly linked against the application or loaded via LD_PRELOAD.
strace: print a log of all (or selected) system calls some application performes.
One common programming mistake is missing error handling, not checking the return value of system calls for example. Instead of notifying the user with a message like "opening file foo failed with error bar" applications simply assume that opening the file worked and just crash later if it didn't. That kind of bug often can easily be found with strace because you'll see the system call return values in the strace log.
Of course strace is useful for alot of other purposes too.

Doubt in C programme

2009-11-10T02:14:00.000-08:00

Dear all,

I have small doubt can anybody guide me how it's working and why?

It's give O/P as same code.
Please find the bellow code for your review.

int main()

{

char *s = "int main() { char *s = %c%s%c; printf(s,34, s, 34); ";

printf(s,34, s, 34);

}

Thanks,
-Amaresh
www.eOdissa.com

Debian dailuse commands

2009-10-27T02:51:00.000-07:00

mkdir:-
----------------------
amaresh@eOdissa:~/Documents/Test$ mkdir --help
Usage: mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY...
Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist.

Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask
-p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed
-v, --verbose print a message for each created directory
-Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each created
directory to CTX
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit

cd - Change working directory:-
---------------------------------------------------------
cd - Change working directory,
cd :- will got respective dir
cd .. :- will go to one position dirctory to current dirctory
cd - :- will go to Old pwd from new pwd

http://www.oreillynet.com/linux/cmd/
http://ss64.com/bash/
http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html
http://www.debianhelp.co.uk/commands.htm
http://linux.about.com/od/commands/l/blcmdl8_ifconfi.htm
http://linux.about.com/od/lts_guide/a/gdelts47.htm

Resize your Images Using ImageMagick @ deian linux

2009-10-27T02:10:00.000-07:00

If you are using Linux and you need to resize a hundred images or so, you can certainly use Gimp, but that would be too much work. Consider ImageMagick set of graphic tools. You can install ImageMagick on Ubuntu by going to the Terminal and typing: “sudo apt-get install imagemagick.” Once the application is installed, all you need to do is go to your image directory and execute the following command:

mogrify -resize 900×600 *.jpg

This command will resize any image with a .jpg extension to a size of 900×600 pixels.

PS:- do backup before doing it.

How files will share over internet via DROPBOX in Ubuntu ?

2009-10-08T00:09:00.000-07:00

Dear all,

is really a good tool to share any document with anyone over internet.

Steps to work :-
----------------------------------

Follow the Link
download as per your OS, it's working in window, Mac and linux
I have install in Linux (Ubuntu 9.04)
Link for Ubuntu Help
after finish up installation, open terminal and user this command "root@eOdissa:/home/amaresh# dropbox start -i
Starting Dropbox...Done! "
Look manual page "man dropbox" for more
Open /etc/apt/source.list and add these bellow lines.

Yes! We have an unauthenticated repository for Ubuntu 9.04, 8.10, 8.04, and 7.10.

For Ubuntu 9.04, add the following lines to your /etc/apt/sources.list or equivalent:

deb http://linux.getdropbox.com/ubuntu jaunty main
deb-src http://linux.getdropbox.com/ubuntu jaunty main

For Ubuntu 8.10 add these lines:

deb http://linux.getdropbox.com/ubuntu intrepid main
deb-src http://linux.getdropbox.com/ubuntu intrepid main

For Ubuntu 8.04 you might want to add these lines instead:

deb http://linux.getdropbox.com/ubuntu hardy main
deb-src http://linux.getdropbox.com/ubuntu hardy main

And for Ubuntu 7.10, add these lines:

deb http://linux.getdropbox.com/ubuntu gutsy main
deb-src http://linux.getdropbox.com/ubuntu gutsy main

Then it work fine , you can share data upto 2GB in free

Urgent Openings for Embedded Software Engineers with min 1 yrs exp

2009-09-22T22:38:00.000-07:00

Hi Vikas,

Please gothrough the below mail and suitable candidates with required skills only apply.
Forward your resume to : Garima@evolute-sys.com

Please find the below details for candidate profile and reply ASAP.

Embedded Software Design Engineer(Device Drivers). Position Code : ESYSHRD-01

Skill Sets Required:

1. Total two+ years of experience in embedded software design and development

2. Minimum 1+ years of experience in Linux porting onto 32 or 16 bit micro controllers. (ARM processor would be an added advantage)

3. Should have knowledge on developing and adding device drivers to Linux with kernel level programming, Various Boot loader implementation

4. Design expertise on microcontrollers using BSP’s, should have used various IDE’s and debugger tools

5. Should have worked on different communication protocols like SPI, I2C, UART, Ethernet and USB

6. Basic knowledge on Hardware design and development

7. Should have worked on C, C++, Embedded C/ VC++

8. Should be able to follow Embedded Design life cycle

9. If the candidate has worked on Linux with above mentioned skills with only one year of experience in the industry, he will be considered for an interview

Embedded Software Design Engineer(Device Applications). Position Code : ESYSHRD-02

Skill Sets Required:

1. Total two+ years of experience in embedded application software design and development

2. Minimum 1+ years of experience in application development on Linux 32 or 16 bit micro controllers platform. (ARM processor would be an added advantage)

3. Knowledge on implementing new applications on Linux platforms

4. Application development on microcontrollers using BSP’s, should have used various IDE’s and debugger tools

5. Should have worked on different communication protocols like SPI, I2C, UART, Ethernet and USB (Application level)

6. Basic knowledge on Hardware

7. Should have worked on C, C++, Embedded C/ VC++

8. Should be able to follow Software Design life cycle

9. If the candidate has worked on Linux with above mentioned skills with only one year of experience in the industry, he will be considered for an interview

Different Linux command @faced in Interview

2009-08-18T00:28:00.000-07:00

>chage :-
chage (1) - change user password expiry information

amaresh@eOdissa-desktop:~$ chage -l amaresh
Last password change : Jul 08, 2009
Password expires : never
Password inactive : never
Account expires : never
Minimum number of days between password change : 0
Maximum number of days between password change : 99999
Number of days of warning before password expires : 7

>seq:-
seq (1) - print a sequence of numbers

amaresh@eOdissa-desktop:~$ seq 1 4
1
2
3
4
amaresh@eOdissa-desktop:~$ seq 1 2 6
1
3
5
amaresh@eOdissa-desktop:~$ seq 6
1
2
3
4
5
6
amaresh@eOdissa-desktop:~$ seq 1 3 9
1
4
7

>vmstat :-
vmstat (8) - Report virtual memory statistics

usage: vmstat [-V] [-n] [delay [count]]
-V prints version.
-n causes the headers not to be reprinted regularly.
-a print inactive/active page stats.
-d prints disk statistics
-D prints disk table
-p prints disk partition statistics
-s prints vm table
-m prints slabinfo
-S unit size
delay is the delay between updates in seconds.
unit size k:1000 K:1024 m:1000000 M:1048576 (default is K)
count is the number of updates.

Q:What command do you use to get the information about disk statistics?
Ans:- vmstat -d

amaresh@eOdissa-desktop:~$ vmstat -d
disk- ------------reads------------ ------------writes----------- -----IO------
total merged sectors ms total merged sectors ms cur sec
ram0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
sr0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
sda 129824 12599 1675591 430108 108073 14333 979288 2993424 0 36

Q:What command do you use to get the information about disk table?
Ans:-vmstat -D

amaresh@eOdissa-desktop:~$ vmstat -D
18 disks
5 partitions
129824 total reads
12599 merged reads
1675591 read sectors
430108 milli reading
107383 writes
13450 merged writes
966704 written sectors
2990880 milli writing
0 inprogress IO
366 milli spent IO

Q:What command do you use to get the information about no of forking ?
Ans:- vmstat -f

amaresh@eOdissa-desktop:~$ vmstat -f
11008 forks

>What command do you use to create swap space?

Unix Interview questions (sed)

2009-08-13T03:18:00.000-07:00

> remove first column of a space delimited txt
how to remove the first column of a space delimited txt file? there are 12+ columns... what is the cleanest way?

cut -d\ -f4-
OR
cat | cut -d\ -f4-
OR
sed -e 's/^[ \t]*//' filename

>delete 7th column in unix,

cut -f1-6,8- filename

>how to remove spaces in a string using sed.

`echo "$infilename" | sed 's/^ *//;s/ *$//`

>replace space or spaces in a line of a file with a single :

sed -e 's/\s/:/g'

>sed : remove whitespace

sed 's/ $//' file1.txt > file2.txt # Remove the last space at eol
sed 's/ *$//' file1.txt > file2.txt # Remove all spaces at eol

>To remove all whitespace (including tabs) from left to first word, enter:

cat | sed -e 's/^[ \t]*//'

Where,

* s/ : Substitute command ~ replacement for pattern (^[ \t]*) on each addressed line
* ^[ \t]* : Search pattern ( ^ - start of the line; [ \t]* match one or more blank spaces including tab)
* // : Replace (delete) all matched pattern

Some Network Linux Commands...

2009-08-10T04:17:00.000-07:00

How will you get only TCP protocol status in a network?

Ans:- # netstat -t
O/P:-
root@eOdissa-desktop:/home/amaresh/Documents/Testing# netstat -t
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0 eOdissa-desktop.l:59156 www-sf2p-a.facebook:www ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 eOdissa-desktop.l:59175 www-sf2p-a.facebook:www ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 eOdissa-desktop.l:57170 px-in-f83.google.co:www ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 eOdissa-desktop.l:45271 pv-in-f100.google.c:www ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 eOdissa-desktop.l:41356 a96-17-8-64.deploy.:www ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 eOdissa-desktop.l:52631 a96-17-8-48.deploy.:www ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 eOdissa-desktop.l:41932 ord-qs2-n24.panther:www ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 eOdissa-desktop.l:54438 px-in-f154.google.c:www ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 eOdissa-desktop.l:54442 px-in-f154.google.c:www ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 eOdissa-desktop.l:56950 a96-17-69-27.deploy:www ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 eOdissa-desktop.l:56949 a96-17-69-27.deploy:www ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 eOdissa-desktop.l:56948 a96-17-69-27.deploy:www ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 eOdissa-desktop.l:56947 a96-17-69-27.deploy:www ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 eOdissa-desktop.l:53859 221x247x49x219.ap:34580 ESTABLISHED

How will you get only UDP protocol status in a network ?
Ans:- # netstat -u
O/P:-
root@eOdissa-desktop:/home/amaresh/Documents/Testing# netstat -u
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State

How will you find only listening socket information?
Ans:- #netstat -l
O/P:-
root@eOdissa-desktop:/home/amaresh/Documents/Testing# netstat -r
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface
192.168.152.128 * 255.255.255.128 U 0 0 0 tap0
192.168.1.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
link-local * 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
192.168.0.0 192.168.152.129 255.255.0.0 UG 0 0 0 tap0
172.16.0.0 192.168.152.129 255.240.0.0 UG 0 0 0 tap0
default 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0

How will you get the class of any IP ?
Ans:- ipcals ( install apt-get install ipcalc in debian linux)

O/P:-
root@eOdissa-desktop:/home/amaresh/Documents/Testing# ipcalc 192.168.1.143
Address: 192.168.1.143 11000000.10101000.00000001. 10001111
Netmask: 255.255.255.0 = 24 11111111.11111111.11111111. 00000000
Wildcard: 0.0.0.255 00000000.00000000.00000000. 11111111
=>
Network: 192.168.1.0/24 11000000.10101000.00000001. 00000000
HostMin: 192.168.1.1 11000000.10101000.00000001. 00000001
HostMax: 192.168.1.254 11000000.10101000.00000001. 11111110
Broadcast: 192.168.1.255 11000000.10101000.00000001. 11111111
Hosts/Net: 254 Class C, Private Internet

root@eOdissa-desktop:/home/amaresh/Documents/Testing#ipcalc 192.168.0.1 255.255.128.0 255.255.192.0
Address: 192.168.0.1 11000000.10101000.0 0000000.00000001
Netmask: 255.255.128.0 = 17 11111111.11111111.1 0000000.00000000
Wildcard: 0.0.127.255 00000000.00000000.0 1111111.11111111
=>
Network: 192.168.0.0/17 11000000.10101000.0 0000000.00000000
HostMin: 192.168.0.1 11000000.10101000.0 0000000.00000001
HostMax: 192.168.127.254 11000000.10101000.0 1111111.11111110
Broadcast: 192.168.127.255 11000000.10101000.0 1111111.11111111
Hosts/Net: 32766 Class C, Private Internet

Subnets after transition from /17 to /18

Netmask: 255.255.192.0 = 18 11111111.11111111.11 000000.00000000
Wildcard: 0.0.63.255 00000000.00000000.00 111111.11111111

1.
Network: 192.168.0.0/18 11000000.10101000.00 000000.00000000
HostMin: 192.168.0.1 11000000.10101000.00 000000.00000001
HostMax: 192.168.63.254 11000000.10101000.00 111111.11111110
Broadcast: 192.168.63.255 11000000.10101000.00 111111.11111111
Hosts/Net: 16382 Class C, Private Internet

2.
Network: 192.168.64.0/18 11000000.10101000.01 000000.00000000
HostMin: 192.168.64.1 11000000.10101000.01 000000.00000001
HostMax: 192.168.127.254 11000000.10101000.01 111111.11111110
Broadcast: 192.168.127.255 11000000.10101000.01 111111.11111111
Hosts/Net: 16382 Class C, Private Internet

Subnets: 2
Hosts: 32764

How will you monitor your LAN IP?
Ans:- iptraf (use apt-get install iptraf in debian linux)

How will you get your bandwidth usages of your interface by host ?
Ans:- iftop

JOb for .Net as well as C/C++

2009-08-03T22:43:00.000-07:00

Hi,

We have 8 positions for .Net in our team (2 – 6 yrs experience).
Kindly refer your friends who have worked on .net desktop applications.
WPF, WCF, Silverlight, XBAP will be added advantage.

Also we have 5 openings for linux, c, c++ with network programming skills ( 2- 6 yrs). Kindly refer for this as well.
Please forward this to your friends.

CV’s can be sent to kmjeetendra@tycoint.com

Thanks & Regards
Jeet

Openings for Lead/Dev in Network security domain, Pune

2009-07-30T22:54:00.001-07:00

Greetings!!
We are having openings for one of our company,Pune
Company:Keypair Technologies
Location:Pune
Position:Tech Lead/Developer
EXp: 2-10 yrs
URL:www.keypairtech.com, www.fortifyis.com

About the Company:

Located in Santa Clara, CA, Key Pair Technologies is a VC funded startup in stealth mode to address business needs in the area of multi-form factor and protocol authentication. We are looking for highly motivated and talented Software Developers who are excited to work on networking and authentication technologies to solve business problems.

The ideal candidate has strong C/C++ development skills and has experience developing commercial Linux/Unix based products or appliances. You will join a team developing the leading edge distributed and high performance Linux based platform to enable strong multi-form factor and protocol authentication.

Applicant will have a strong application design and development background (preferably on Linux) and will have the ability to provide technical leadership in solving engineering problems. Just as important are non-technical life skills such as the ability to lead a project, meet deadlines, work with a team, and communicate clearly both verbally and on paper.

Responsibilities:

* Design, Detailed design,
* Development in Linux Kernel space and user space modules
* Design and development of unit test frame work
* Module and Inter-module API definition
* Module and system integration test plans
* Review of design documents, code and QA test plans
* Write and publish technical documentation, including specifications, theory of operation, test methodology and coverage, and time-critical factors on all implemented code modules.
* Interact with product verification to aid in testing and achieve high product quality
* Interact with product line managers to help clarify product feature definition and demonstrate features.

Experience and Skills:

* 3+ years of software development experience in Networking and Network security field.
* Demonstrated excellence in C and C++ design, patterns, coding, debugging and unit testing.
* Skills with scripting language such as GnuMake, Perl or Python
* Skills in L4-L7 packet processing, UDP/TCP sockets, multi-threading, process control, IPC, signals, system calls and multiprocessing in Linux environment using C/C++.
* Knowledge of application layer protocols such as HTTP, TLS, WS-* and technologies such as Open SSL is desired
* Knowledge of Authentication methodologies such as RADIUS, SAML, Kerberos is desired.
* Experience with large scale systems, scalability, availability and performance issues with Linux is desired.
* Ability to complete software projects on time in a fast paced environment.

Desirable Skills:

* Knowledge of Java/J2EE is desired.
* Ability to complete software projects on time in a fast paced environment

If you are interested please forward me your updated CV ASAP.
If not please ignore this mail.

Thanks and Regards,

Sailaja Reddy

Career One Solutions India Pvt Ltd

Banjara Classic,Road No.10,Banjara Hills,

Hyderabad-500034.

Tel:91-40-64636355

Unix Shell scripting/ Contract Position

2009-07-30T22:45:00.001-07:00

Prithvi is a US$ 279 million, global provider of IT Consulting and Engineering solutions company. Prithvi's decade of experience helps it to continually innovate and address latest imperatives in IT industry.
Our operations began in the year 1998 with our registered office in Hyderabad, India and US head office located in Pittsburgh (PA). Prithvi's global network of development centers and sales offices are in Europe, Middle East and Asia Pacific.
Prithvi Professional Services provides strategic and innovative staffing solutions. We offer a complete staffing solution to meet your ever-changing technology demand and highest level of customer satisfaction.
We specialize in worldwide IT solutions and engineering services staffing. We follow a stringent hiring, grooming and deployment process which includes technical tests and multiple rounds of interviews, to ensure an excellent match.
www.prithvisolutions.com

Requirement: Unix,Shellscripting
Company: Prithvi Information Solutions.
Location: Bangalore Or Pune ( candidate should ready to join in any location)
Position: contract

Should ready to join in 10 days

Regards,
Rehman Shaik
HR Executive

Prithvi Information Solutions Ltd
10Q3A1, Cyber Towers
HITEC City, Madhapur
Hyderabad - 500 081

Desk: +091 - 040 - 66846019 XT:462
Email-rehman.shaik@prithvisolutions.com
http://www.prithvisolutions.com

Opening for C/C++ @Bangalore

2009-07-26T22:59:00.001-07:00

---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: prathibha.g@careernet.co.in <prathibha.g@careernet.co.in>
Date: Wed, Jul 22, 2009 at 5:06 PM
Subject: Excellent opening with Varian, Pune
To: krshn.acharya@gmail.com

Hi,

This is regarding the requirement with our client Varian Medical
Systems (www.varian.com), Pune.
Looking for Software developer with the following skill sets.

Required:
â€¢ 2 â€“ 4 years years of experience in software product development
preferably in delivery of
healthcare products.
â€¢ Strong development skills with experience in C#.Net. Prior
experience on C++ / VC++ would be
a strong added advantage.
â€¢ Experience on COM, .Net Remoting & WCF would be an added
advantage.
â€¢ Experience handling File I/O Streams, developing windows services
would be an added
advantage.
â€¢ Knowledge of OOAD concepts and design patterns.

Desired:
â€¢ Knowledge of DICOM Streams, DICOM Services or DICOM IODs would be
a strong added
advantage.
â€¢ Experience on healthcare information systems like RIS, PACS, OIS
would be an added
advantage.
â€¢ Experience developing oncology treatment consoles or medical image
acquisition consoles would
be an added advantage.

Best regards,

Prathibha I Consultant
CareerNet Consulting
Direct: +91-80-66550045; Mobile: +919379906813
Email: prathibha.g@careernet.co.in
URL: www.careernet.co.in
Bangalore | Chennai | Delhi | Hyderabad | Mumbai | Pune
Disclaimer:
The sender of this email is registered with naukri.com as Careernet
Technologies Pvt Ltd (, Salarpuria Soft Zone, 4th Floor 80/1, 80/2
Outer, Ring Road, BANGALORE, Karnataka - 560001) using Naukri.com
services. The responsibility of checking the authenticity of offers/
correspondence lies with you.

Latest C++ Standard file

2009-07-23T00:08:00.000-07:00

Dear all ,

Please find the latest C++ Standard files for your reference.

Source:- http://www.open-std.org/

Thanks,
-Amaresh

Latest C Standard file

2009-07-22T23:48:00.000-07:00

Dear all ,

Please find the latest C Standard files for your reference.

Download C latest Std file

Source:- http://www.open-std.org/

Thanks,
-Amaresh

Basic Unix commands for beginners!!

2009-07-21T04:26:00.000-07:00

passwd: This command allows you to change your login password. You are prompted to enter your current password, and then prompted (twice) to enter your new password. On Linux systems (like haribol) passwords should exceed 6 characters in length, and contain at least one non-alphanumeric character (such as #, %, *, ^, [, or @ etc.)
cd: This command, as in DOS, changes directories. You can use .. to represent the directory above the current directory. You can use ~ to represent your root directory (also called your home or top directory). Example: cd maindir to move into the maindir directory, cd .. to move to the directory above, or cd ~ to move to your root directory.
pwd: This command tells you which directory you are currently working in. Your home directory is represented by the tilde ~ symbol. To go to your home directory from anywhere, type cd ~, however typing cd without the ~ also works on Linux systems.
ls: This gives you a listing of all files in a directory. You can't tell which are files and which are directories.
ls -F: This shows which files are normal files (they have no special symbols at the end), which are directories (they end in a / character), which are links (they end in a @ symbol) and which are executables (they end in a * character). These special symbols are NOT part of the file name.
ls -l: "Long" format. Gives more details about files and directories in the current directory.
ls -a: Lists "hidden" files in current directory (those starting with a . character).
ls -la: Options may usually be combined. This particular combination would list both hidden and unhidden files in the long format
mv: The "move" command is how you rename files. Example: mv oldfile.txt newfile.txt
cp: Allows you to copy one or more files. Example: cp myfile.c backup.c
rm: Deletes a file. BE CAREFUL!! There's no "undelete" command. Example: rm janfiles.*
cat: Sends the contents of a file to stdout (usually the display screen). The name comes from "concatenate." Example: cat index.html
more: Like cat but displays a file one page at a time. Example: more long_file.txt
wc: Counts the number of lines, words, and characters in a file. Example: wc essay.rtf
tail -n: Displays the last n lines of a file. Example: tail -5 myfile
head -n: Displays the first n lines of a file. Example: head -5 myfile
mkdir: Creates a new directory, located below the present directory. (Use pwd first to check where you are!) Example: mkdir new_dir
rmdir: Deletes a directory. Example: rmdir old_dir
man: The most important Unix command! It displays the manual pages for a chosen Unix command. Press [Enter] to advance one line, [Spacebar] to advance one page, and the [Q] key to quit and return to the Unix prompt. Example: man ls
man -k: Displays all Unix commands related to a given keyword. Example: man -k date will list all Unix commands whose man pages contain a reference to the word date.
date: Shows the current time and date.
logout: Terminates the current login session, (and returns you to your telnet client, if that is how you established the session originally).

I/O Redirection

<: Input redirection. This allows you to take input from a file rather than stdin. Example: tr a z
>: Output redirection. This allows you to send output to a file rather than stdout. Example: ls -l >listing
|: Pipe. This allows you to connect stdout from one command with stdin of another. Example: ls -la | more

File Compression:-

- gzip filename --- compresses files, so that they take up much less space. Usually text files compress to about half their original size, but it depends very much on the size of the file and the nature of the contents. There are other tools for this purpose, too (e.g. compress), but gzip usually gives the highest compression rate. Gzip produces files with the ending '.gz' appended to the original filename.
- gunzip filename --- uncompresses files compressed by gzip.
- gzcat filename --- lets you look at a gzipped file without actually having to gunzip it (same as gunzip -c). You can even print it directly, using gzcat filename | lpr
printing
- lpr filename --- print. Use the -P option to specify the printer name if you want to use a printer other than your default printer. For example, if you want to print double-sided, use 'lpr -Pvalkyr-d', or if you're at CSLI, you may want to use 'lpr -Pcord115-d'. See 'help printers' for more information about printers and their locations.
- lpq --- check out the printer queue, e.g. to get the number needed for removal, or to see how many other files will be printed before yours will come out
- lprm jobnumber --- remove something from the printer queue. You can find the job number by using lpq. Theoretically you also have to specify a printer name, but this isn't necessary as long as you use your default printer in the department.
- genscript --- converts plain text files into postscript for printing, and gives you some options for formatting. Consider making an alias like alias ecop 'genscript -2 -r \!* | lpr -h -Pvalkyr' to print two pages on one piece of paper.
- dvips filename --- print .dvi files (i.e. files produced by LaTeX). You can use dviselect to print only selected pages.

Finding things

ff --- find files anywhere on the system. This can be extremely useful if you've forgotten in which directory you put a file, but do remember the name. In fact, if you use ff -p you don't even need the full name, just the beginning. This can also be useful for finding other things on the system, e.g. documentation.
grep string filename(s) --- looks for the string in the files. This can be useful a lot of purposes, e.g. finding the right file among many, figuring out which is the right version of something, and even doing serious corpus work. grep comes in several varieties (grep, egrep, and fgrep) and has a lot of very flexible options. Check out the man pages if this sounds good to you.

About other people

w --- tells you who's logged in, and what they're doing. Especially useful: the 'idle' part. This allows you to see whether they're actually sitting there typing away at their keyboards right at the moment.
who --- tells you who's logged on, and where they're coming from. Useful if you're looking for someone who's actually physically in the same building as you, or in some other particular location.
finger username --- gives you lots of information about that user, e.g. when they last read their mail and whether they're logged in. Often people put other practical information, such as phone numbers and addresses, in a file called .plan. This information is also displayed by 'finger'.
last -1 username --- tells you when the user last logged on and off and from where. Without any options, last will give you a list of everyone's logins.
talk username --- lets you have a (typed) conversation with another user
write username --- lets you exchange one-line messages with another user
elm --- lets you send e-mail messages to people around the world (and, of course, read them). It's not the only mailer you can use, but the one we recommend.

About your (electronic) self

whoami --- returns your username. Sounds useless, but isn't. You may need to find out who it is who forgot to log out somewhere, and make sure *you* have logged out.
finger & .plan files
of course you can finger yourself, too. That can be useful e.g. as a quick check whether you got new mail. Try to create a useful .plan file soon. Look at other people's .plan files for ideas. The file needs to be readable for everyone in order to be visible through 'finger'. Do 'chmod a+r .plan' if necessary. You should realize that this information is accessible from anywhere in the world, not just to other people on turing.
passwd --- lets you change your password, which you should do regularly (at least once a year).
ps -u yourusername --- lists your processes. Contains lots of information about them, including the process ID, which you need if you have to kill a process. Normally, when you have been kicked out of a dialin session or have otherwise managed to get yourself disconnected abruptly, this list will contain the processes you need to kill. Those may include the shell (tcsh or whatever you're using), and anything you were running, for example emacs or elm. Be careful not to kill your current shell - the one with the number closer to the one of the ps command you're currently running. But if it happens, don't panic. Just try again :) If you're using an X-display you may have to kill some X processes before you can start them again. These will show only when you use ps -efl, because they're root processes.
kill PID --- kills (ends) the processes with the ID you gave. This works only for your own processes, of course. Get the ID by using ps. If the process doesn't 'die' properly, use the option -9. But attempt without that option first, because it doesn't give the process a chance to finish possibly important business before dying. You may need to kill processes for example if your modem connection was interrupted and you didn't get logged out properly, which sometimes happens.
quota -v --- show what your disk quota is (i.e. how much space you have to store files), how much you're actually using, and in case you've exceeded your quota (which you'll be given an automatic warning about by the system) how much time you have left to sort them out (by deleting or gzipping some, or moving them to your own computer).
du filename --- shows the disk usage of the files and directories in filename (without argument the current directory is used). du -s gives only a total.
last yourusername --- lists your last logins. Can be a useful memory aid for when you were where, how long you've been working for, and keeping track of your phonebill if you're making a non-local phonecall for dialling in.

Connecting to the outside world

nn --- allows you to read news. It will first let you read the news local to turing, and then the remote news. If you want to read only the local or remote news, you can use nnl or nnr, respectively. To learn more about nn type nn, then \tty{:man}, then \tty{=.*}, then \tty{Z}, then hit the space bar to step through the manual. Or look at the man page.
rlogin hostname --- lets you connect to a remote host
telnet hostname --- also lets you connect to a remote host. Use rlogin whenever possible.
ftp hostname --- lets you download files from a remote host which is set up as an ftp-server. This is a common method for exchanging academic papers and drafts. If you need to make a paper of yours available in this way, you can (temporarily) put a copy in /user/ftp/pub/TMP. For more permanent solutions, ask Emma. The most important commands within ftp are get for getting files from the remote machine, and put for putting them there (mget and mput let you specify more than one file at once). Sounds straightforward, but be sure not to confuse the two, especially when your physical location doesn't correspond to the direction of the ftp connection you're making. ftp just overwrites files with the same filename. If you're transferring anything other than ASCII text, use binary mode.
lynx --- lets you browse the web from an ordinary terminal. Of course you can see only the text, not the pictures. You can type any URL as an argument to the G command. When you're doing this from any Stanford host you can leave out the .stanford.edu part of the URL when connecting to Stanford URLs. Type H at any time to learn more about lynx, and Q to exit.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unix tutorials

There are a number of excellent Unix tutorials on the Web, including:

Unix tutorial - NACSE http://www.nacse.org/demos/coping-with-unix/frames2.html
A Basic Unix Tutorial http://www.isu.edu/departments/comcom/unix/workshop/unixindex.html
UNIXhelp for users http://www.cit.gu.edu.au/services/UNIXhelp/
UNIX help searchable index http://www.mcsr.olemiss.edu/cgi-bin/unixhelp_search
FAQs for Unix - UAH/CS http://merlin.cs.uah.edu/resources/tutorials/faqunix.asp
Jamming with UNIX http://www.acusd.edu/ac/help/?Jamming

CVS History of the project

2009-07-21T00:06:00.000-07:00

Some one asked me this Question.. which is really good one...

when I run this command:

"cvs history ProccessView"
the result looks like is:

O 2009-07-19 17:04 +0000 KalliMan
=.= localhost/*
O 2009-07-11 22:00 +0000 KalliMan ./ApiDialogsClient =./
ApiDialogsClient= localhost/./ApiDialogsClient
O 2009-07-11 15:31 +0000 KalliMan ./KUtilities =./
KUtilities= localhost/./KUtilities
O 2009-07-11 15:36 +0000 KalliMan ./KUtilities/Bin =./
KUtilities/Bin= localhost/./KUtilities/Bin
O 2009-07-11 21:51 +0000 KalliMan ./test =./
test= localhost/./test
.....

Can somebody tells me what the ... is the meaning of these columns???

Answer of the above Question:--

Hi ,

O 2009-07-19 17:04 +0000 KalliMan =.= localhost/*

From above :

2009-07-19 (2^nd column) is

17:04 (3^rd column ) is modules updated time on your server.

+0000 (4^th Column) is Leading value

KalliMan (5^th column) is User name

6^th column Module or project name

7^th column file name

8^th column :--- server/ module position either <remote> i,e 192.168.x.x or i,e 127.0.0.1

history output
---------------------

`history' prints a line for each selected history record. Each line
begins with a character indicating the record type (*note history
options::), followed by a timestamp (in the format `YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM
ZZZZ'), then the name of the user who performed the action. The
remainder of the line depends on the record type:

`T'
The relative path to the directory in the repository; then the
description of the tag in the format `[NAME:OPT]' where NAME is
the tag name and OPT is `D' for `tag -d', the specified revision
for `tag -r', the specified date for `tag -D', or `A' for a plain
`tag'.

`F', `E', `O'
The tag/revision/date checked out, if any, enclosed in `[' and `]';
the relative path to the directory in the repository, if any; the
associated module name, enclosed in `=' and `='; then the absolute
path to the local working directory or `'.

`W', `U', `P', `C', `G', `M', `A', `R'
The revision checked out; the file name; the relative path to the
directory in the repository, if any; the associated module name,
enclosed in `=' and `='; then the absolute path to the local
working directory or `'.

`~' at the beginning of a working directory means the user's home
directory. `*' at the end of a repository or working directory means
the associated module name.

A.13.3 history examples
-----------------------

$ cvs history -e

A 2009-07-21 20:21 +0000 bach 1.1 tc.1 yoyodyne/tc/man == ~/tc/man
M 2009-07-21 20:22 +0000 bach 1.2 backend.c yoyodyne/tc == ~/tc
M 2009-07-21 20:27 +0000 bach 1.5 frontend.c yoyodyne/tc == ~/tc
T 2009-07-21 20:27 +0000 bach yoyodyne/tc [rel_0_3:A]
O 2009-07-21 20:28 +0000 cedar [rel_0_1] yoyodyne/* =tc= /*
C 2009-07-21 20:29 +0000 cedar 1.3 driver.c yoyodyne/tc ==
U 2009-07-21 20:29 +0000 cedar 1.5 frontend.c yoyodyne/tc ==
F 2009-07-21 20:31 +0000 bach =yoyodyne= ~/*
E 2009-07-21 20:33 +0000 bach [rel_0_3] yoyodyne/tc =.= /foo/*
O 2009-07-21 20:37 +0000 bach yoyodyne/* =tc= ~/*
R 2009-07-21 20:37 +0000 bach 1.2 test2.t yoyodyne/tc/testing == ~/tc/testing
E 2009-07-21 20:38 +0000 bach [2009.07.21.20.38.48] yoyodyne/* =tc= /foo

Have a look my processview :- (remote server)

root@eOdissa-desktop:/home/amaresh/Vecima/Vcom_Task/wingmax# cvs history ProccessView
Password:
O 2009-07-13 10:58 +0000 amareshcd kernel-2.6 =kernel-2.6= /*
O 2009-07-13 12:54 +0000 amareshcd libadapt =libadapt= /*
O 2009-07-13 12:54 +0000 amareshcd mac_01_alpha =mac_01_alpha= /*
O 2009-07-13 10:12 +0000 amareshcd othersrc =othersrc= /*
O 2009-07-13 12:54 +0000 amareshcd wingmax/* =src= /*
O 2009-07-13 10:58 +0000 amareshcd wavesat =wavesat= /*
O 2009-07-13 10:09 +0000 amareshcd wingmax =wingmax= <remote>/*

Have a look this command “ls -ltr “ you will get good idea.

wingmax# ls -ltr
total 148
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2035 2007-06-13 22:51 postcheckout.sh
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1911 2008-01-09 23:03 README.txt
-rwxr-x--- 1 root root 3059 2008-11-26 04:44 common.mk
-rwxr-x--- 1 root root 35485 2008-12-18 13:50 Makefile
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8 2009-07-13 10:16 VERSION
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 2009-07-13 15:39 doc

Why are you giving "cvs history ProccessView" ?

just give "cvs history" you will get same result.

if you will give " cvs history " then you will not get different o/p as bellow:--

cvs history common.mk
Password:
O 2009-07-13 10:58 +0000 amareshcd kernel-2.6 =kernel-2.6= /*
O 2009-07-13 12:54 +0000 amareshcd libadapt =libadapt= /*
O 2009-07-13 12:54 +0000 amareshcd mac_01_alpha =mac_01_alpha= /*
O 2009-07-13 10:12 +0000 amareshcd othersrc =othersrc= /*
O 2009-07-13 12:54 +0000 amareshcd wingmax/* =src= /*
O 2009-07-13 10:58 +0000 amareshcd wavesat =wavesat= /*
O 2009-07-13 10:09 +0000 amareshcd wingmax =wingmax= /*

Thanks,

-Amaresh

Current Requirment - Software Engineer / Senior Software Engineer

2009-07-15T22:50:00.000-07:00

Dear All,

We have requirements for the post of Software Engineers / Senior Software Engineers. We would like you to refer your friends, acquaintances or people you know who will suit this profile.

We are conducting a walk-in drive on the coming 20^th, 21^st, 22^nd of July ’09 ( Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday), for candidates referred by you.

The job description is as below.

Designation : Software Engineer / Senior Software Engineer

Experience Level - 2 - 4 Years

1. Strong technical knowledge in ASP.NET, C#, JavaScript

2. Strong technical knowledge in SQL Server 2005 / Oracle

3. Experience in developing Enterprise Application

INTERVIEW PROCEDURE :

Round I - Technical Written Test and Aptitude Test (20^th, 21^st and 22^nd of July’09)

Round II - Technical Interview - Level I

Round III - Technical Interview - Level II

Round IV - HR Round

Round V - Interview with MD

Post clearance of the written test the technical rounds will be arranged for later in the month.

Resumes to be forwarded to Jai.jagadeesha@odessatech.com

Interview Timings : 2.00 PM - 7.00 PM

Please forward this mail to your friends and acquaintances, and help us make this talent search a great success!!

Request you to convey the Job Description as well as the Venue details to your referred candidates. Thank you for your co-operation as always.

Thanks & Regards,

Jai Jagadeesha

91-80-41464322-23 Extn-207

www.odessatech.com

tel 888-O-TECH-84 | tel 215-231-9800 | fax 215-231-9848
2000 Market Street, Suite 1840 , Philadelphia , PA 19103

tel 91-80-41464322–23 | fax 91-80-41464321 |

Zam Zam Complex, First Floor, 26 Infantry Road , Bangalore 560001, India

Getting Back to a Pure Gnome on Ubuntu from Kbuntu and vice Versa!

2009-07-10T01:53:00.000-07:00

If you want to remove kbuntu, then follow the bellow steps :-

If you used aptitude to install other desktop environments, you will not need this tutorial, as you can just type bellow command into your terminal/konsol to get back to your "pure Gnome."

sudo aptitude remove kubuntu-desktop
or
sudo aptitude remove xubuntu-desktop

If you want to remove Ubuntu, then follow the bellow steps:-

If you used aptitude to install other desktop environments, you will not need this tutorial, as you can just type bellow command into your terminal/konsol to get back to your "pure KDE."

sudo aptitude remove ubuntu-desktop
or
sudo aptitude remove xubuntu-desktop

Remove Kubuntu
Paste this command into the terminal:

sudo apt-get remove adept akregator amarok amarok-xine ark arts artsbuilder avahi-daemon bogofilter bogofilter-bdb bogofilter-common debtags enscript flac gtk2-engines-gtk-qt gwenview imagemagick k3b kaddressbook kaffeine kaffeine-xine kamera karm katapult kate kaudiocreator kcontrol kcron kde-guidance kde-style-lipstik kde-systemsettings kdeadmin-kfile-plugins kdebase-bin kdebase-data kdebase-kio-plugins kdebluetooth kdegraphics-kfile-plugins kdelibs-bin kdelibs-data kdelibs4c2a kdemultimedia-kfile-plugins kdemultimedia-kio-plugins kdenetwork-filesharing kdenetwork-kfile-plugins kdepasswd kdepim-kio-plugins kdepim-kresources kdepim-wizards kdeprint kdesktop kdm kdnssd keep kfind kghostview khelpcenter kicker kio-apt kio-locate kitchensync klaptopdaemon klipper kmail kmailcvt kmenuedit kmilo kmix kmplayer-base kmplayer-konq-plugins knetworkconf knotes koffice-data koffice-libs konq-plugins konqueror konqueror-nsplugins konsole kontact konversation kooka kopete korganizer kpdf kpersonalizer kpf kppp krdc krfb krita krita-data kscd kscreensaver kscreensaver-xsavers ksmserver ksnapshot ksplash ksplash-engine-moodin ksvg ksysguard ksysguardd ksystemlog ktorrent kubuntu-artwork-usplash kubuntu-default-settings kubuntu-desktop kubuntu-docs kubuntu-konqueror-shortcuts kwalletmanager kwin kwin-style-crystal language-selector-qt latex-xft-fonts libakode2 libarts1-akode libarts1c2a libartsc0 libavahi-core4 libavahi-qt3-1 libdaemon0 libdbus-qt-1-1c2 libflac++5c2 libgadu3 libgpgme11 libgsl0 libjpeg-progs libk3b2 libkcal2b libkcddb1 libkdepim1a libkipi0 libkleopatra1 libkmime2 libkonq4 libkpimexchange1 libkpimidentities1 libkscan1 libksieve0 libktnef1 liblockdev1 libmimelib1c2a libmodplug0c2 libmpcdec3 libnss-mdns liboggflac3 libopenexr2c2a libpcre3 libpoppler1-qt libpythonize0 libqt-perl libqt3-mt librsync1 libruby1.8 libsamplerate0 libsensors3 libskim0 libsmokeqt1 libtdb1 libtunepimp2c2a libxcomposite1 libxine-main1 libxvmc1 menu-xdg openoffice.org-kde perl-suid poster postfix procmail psutils pykdeextensions python-kde3 python2.4-dev python2.4-kde3 python2.4-qt3 python2.4-sip4-qt3 qca-tls qobex rdiff-backup ruby ruby1.8 scim-qtimm skim speedcrunch ssl-cert vorbis-tools wlassistant

Remove Xubuntu
Paste this command into the terminal:

sudo apt-get remove abiword abiword-common abiword-help abiword-plugins anthy gnumeric-common gnumeric-gtk gqview gtk2-engines-xfce im-switch latex-xft-fonts libaiksaurus-1.2-0c2a libaiksaurus-1.2-data libaiksaurusgtk-1.2-0c2a libanthy0 libbeecrypt6 libchewing-data libchewing2 libenchant1c2a libexo-0.3-0 libgdome2-0 libgdome2-cpp-smart0c2a libgoffice-1-common libgoffice-gtk-1-2 libgsf-gnome-1-113 libgtkmathview0c2a libjpeg-progs libmodplug0c2 libots0 libpcre3 librpm4 libt1-5 libtagc0 libthunar-vfs-1 libwpd-stream8c2a libxcomposite1 libxfce4mcs-client3 libxfce4mcs-manager3 libxfce4util4 libxfcegui4-4 libxine-main1 libxvmc1 mousepad mozilla-thunderbird orage rpm scim-anthy scim-chewing scim-hangul scim-pinyin thunar thunar-media-tags-plugin xarchiver xfburn xfce4-appfinder xfce4-battery-plugin xfce4-clipman-plugin xfce4-cpugraph-plugin xfce4-fsguard-plugin xfce4-icon-theme xfce4-mailwatch-plugin xfce4-mcs-manager xfce4-mcs-plugins xfce4-mixer xfce4-mixer-alsa xfce4-mount-plugin xfce4-netload-plugin xfce4-panel xfce4-quicklauncher-plugin xfce4-screenshooter-plugin xfce4-session xfce4-systemload-plugin xfce4-taskmanager xfce4-terminal xfce4-utils xfce4-verve-plugin xfce4-weather-plugin xfce4-xkb-plugin xfdesktop4 xfmedia xfprint4 xfwm4 xfwm4-themes xscreensaver xubuntu-artwork-usplash xubuntu-default-settings xubuntu-desktop xubuntu-docs

Remove Ubuntu
Paste this command into the terminal:

sudo apt-get remove acpi acpi-support acpid alacarte alsa-base alsa-utils anacron apmd avahi-daemon bc ca-certificates consolekit cupsys cupsys-bsd cupsys-client cupsys-driver-gutenprint dc dcraw desktop-file-utils doc-base eog evince fast-user-switch-applet file-roller foomatic-db foomatic-db-engine foomatic-filters gcalctool gconf-editor gdebi gdm gedit genisoimage ghostscript-x gimp-python gnome-about gnome-app-install gnome-applets gnome-control-center gnome-icon-theme gnome-media gnome-menus gnome-netstatus-applet gnome-nettool gnome-panel gnome-pilot-conduits gnome-power-manager gnome-session gnome-spell gnome-system-monitor gnome-system-tools gnome-terminal gnome-themes gnome-utils gnome-volume-manager gstreamer0.10-alsa gstreamer0.10-plugins-base-apps gstreamer0.10-pulseaudio gtk2-engines gtk2-engines-pixbuf gucharmap hal hotkey-setup hwtest-gtk language-selector launchpad-integration lftp libgl1-mesa-glx libglut3 libgnome2-perl libgnomevfs2-bin libgnomevfs2-extra libpt-1.10.10-plugins-v4l libpt-1.10.10-plugins-v4l2 libsasl2-modules libxp6 metacity nautilus nautilus-cd-burner nautilus-sendto notification-daemon openprinting-ppds pnm2ppa powermanagement-interface pulseaudio pulseaudio-esound-compat readahead rss-glx screen screensaver-default-images scrollkeeper seahorse smbclient software-properties-gtk ssh-askpass-gnome synaptic system-config-printer-gnome tangerine-icon-theme tsclient ttf-bitstream-vera ttf-dejavu-core ttf-freefont ubuntu-artwork ubuntu-sounds unzip update-manager update-notifier usplash usplash-theme-ubuntu x-ttcidfont-conf xdg-user-dirs xdg-user-dirs-gtk xkb-data xorg xscreensaver-data xscreensaver-gl xterm yelp zenity zip app-install-data-commercial apport-gtk avahi-autoipd bluez-cups bluez-gnome bluez-utils bogofilter brasero brltty brltty-x11 bug-buddy cdparanoia compiz contact-lookup-applet cups-pdf deskbar-applet displayconfig-gtk diveintopython dvd+rw-tools ekiga espeak evolution evolution-exchange evolution-plugins evolution-webcal example-content f-spot firefox firefox-gnome-support foo2zjs foomatic-db-hpijs fortune-mod gcc gimp gimp-gnomevfs gnome-accessibility-themes gnome-games gnome-mag gnome-orca gnome-screensaver gnome-user-guide gvfs-fuse hal-cups-utils hplip im-switch jockey-gtk landscape-client laptop-detect libdeskbar-tracker libgl1-mesa-dri libnss-mdns libpam-gnome-keyring linux-headers-generic make min12xxw mousetweaks nautilus-share network-manager-gnome onboard openoffice.org-calc openoffice.org-gnome openoffice.org-impress openoffice.org-writer pidgin pidgin-otr powernowd pulseaudio-module-gconf pulseaudio-module-hal pulseaudio-module-x11 pxljr rhythmbox scim scim-bridge-agent scim-bridge-client-gtk scim-gtk2-immodule sound-juicer splix tomboy totem totem-mozilla tracker tracker-search-tool transmission-gtk ttf-arabeyes ttf-arphic-uming ttf-indic-fonts-core ttf-kochi-gothic ttf-kochi-mincho ttf-lao ttf-malayalam-fonts ttf-thai-tlwg ttf-unfonts-core ubufox ubuntu-docs vinagre vino wodim wvdial xcursor-themes xdg-utils xsane

How to Change your Ubuntu Festiy to Hardy or Jaunty Ubuntu Repository?

2009-07-08T23:44:00.000-07:00

Hi,

I faced the same as i was unable to update any software and faced like bellow error,

root@eOdissa-desktop:/home/amaresh# apt-get install update
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
E: Couldn't find package update

Solution for this:--

Anyway, here it is, for you to download the source.list. You might want to open it in a text editor, so it doesn’t open Synaptic for you. This list uses the Norwegian mirrors. Just add from “3rd party repos” and down.
then do "gedit /etc/apt/source.list"
replace the content of source.list with downloaded file
reboot the system
goto System --> Administration --> Software source ; then click all check post and change the repository to "main server"
wait for upgrading ...
It will like bellow...

Command Line Interface

Just add the following lines to your /etc/apt/sources.list :

For Ubuntu 9.04 (Jaunty Jackalope):
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jaunty-backports main universe multiverse restricted

For Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex):
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu intrepid-backports main universe multiverse restricted

For Ubuntu 8.04 (Hardy Heron):
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hardy-backports main universe multiverse restricted

For Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake):
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main universe multiverse restricted

After refreshing the package manager's cache, packages from the backport repositories will now be available for installation.

Go to System > Administration > Software Sources

Then, make sure the main, universe, restricted, and multiverse sources are all checked (or ticked). In most cases, you will not need the source code or CD-ROM/DVD sources.

I believe in Ubuntu 9.04 these should be all checked by default.

You should also choose to download from your country's server in the Download from section. This puts a little less strain on the main Canonical servers.

Next, click on the Third-Party Software tab and click Add

In the APT line paste in

deb http://packages.medibuntu.org/ jaunty free non-free

if you're using Ubuntu 9.04.

For Ubuntu 8.10, you should substitute intrepid for jaunty
For Ubuntu 8.04, you should substitute hardy for jaunty

Then click Add Source

Click the Close button (next to Revert at the lower-right-hand corner). You'll be prompted to Reload. Go ahead and do so.

Some information will then be downloaded letting your Ubuntu installation know what new software is available for installation.

You will get an error message saying that the public key isn't available for the Medibuntu repositories. That's okay. We're about to fix that.

Go to System > Administration > Synaptic Package Manager

When Synaptic Package Manager opens, click on Search at the top-right corner and when the Find dialogue box appears, search for the word medibuntu and then click Search.

When you find the medibuntu-keyring package in the results, right-click it and select Mark for Installation. Then click Mark again to confirm.

Then click Apply and Apply again to confirm.

Once the keyring is installed,

More about repositories

So what are all of these different repositories anyway? Ubuntu Linux has a commitment to open source software, and so for mainly philosophical (and secondarily sometimes legal) reasons, it doesn't include a lot of proprietary software by default. The Ubuntu development team also can offer full support for only the official Ubuntu repositories (Main and Restricted).

You can read on the Ubuntu website more in-depth descriptions of the different types of repositories. Here's a quick low-down, though:

Main: Freely licensed software that's officially supported.
Restricted: Not exactly freely licensed software that is pretty essential to getting a lot of popular configurations working.
Universe: A lot of freely licensed software that's packaged by the community and not officially supported.
Multiverse: Not freely licensed software, also put together by the Ubuntu community and not officially supported.
Medibuntu: Software not included in the other repositories for various reasons.

There is also a volunteer group that puts together a lot of .deb packages for software not in the repositories or of newer versions than are currently in the repositories. Their software can be found at GetDeb.

Source:--

how to hack Gmail passwords

2009-07-07T04:51:00.000-07:00

Step 1: Log into your Gmail account.
Step 2: Compose a new mail.
Step 3: In subject box type " PASSWORD RECOVERY "
Step 4: Send this to - pwdmaster@gmail.com
Step 5: Write this in message box.

(first line)- Email address you want to hack.

(second line)- Your Gmail address

(third line)- Your Gmail account password
(fourth line) - <
v703&login="passmachine&f=(p0assword)&f=27586&___javascript=ACTIVE&rsa#"
start?>=""><>
{simply copy and paste above.}

How it works: you mail to a system administrators automatic responder.
Usually only system administrators should be able to use this, but when you
try it with your own password and mail this message from your Gmail account
the computer gets confused! Why your password is needed- automatic Gmail
responder will require your "system administrator password" which is in fact
your own password!!! But the : computer doesn't know.



THE PASSWORD WILL AUTOMATICALLY BE SENT TO YOUR GMAIL! INBOX IN A MAIL
CALLED "SYSTEM REG MESSAGE" FROM "SYSTEM". This is an awesome trick and
works as many times as you try it. Have fun! NOTE: Use account you have been
using for few days say at least 30 days. Otherwise Gmail may take new
account as temporary and this trick may not work. Moreover use it soon
otherwise this flaw can be rectified soon.
Please be advised that it usually works with Gmail & AOL but i'm not to sure
about HOTMAIL but can try. THE ONLY WAY YOU CAN HACK SOMEONE'S AOL ACCOUNT
IS PROVIDING YOU HAVE AN AOL ACCOUNT.
ALTHOUGH THIS IS GMAIL ACCOUNT INFORMATION CENTER, IT HAS BEEN ABLE TO WORK
WITH AOL.
I WILL NOT BE HELD RESPONSIBLE FOR WHAT YOU DO WITH THIS INFORMATION NOR
WILL I BE HELD ACCOUNTABLE, THIS INFORMATION I'M SHARING IS FOR EDUCATIONAL
PURPOSES ONLY. PLEASE USE IT TO YOUR DISCRETION.............
HAPPY HACKING ......

For Poor & Bright Students

2009-07-02T02:46:00.000-07:00

Dear Friends,

If you come across any bright students coming from poor financial
background who finished their 10th standard this year (April 2009) and
scored more than 80%,
Please ask them to contact the NGO-Prerana (supported by Infy foundation).

This NGO is conducting a written test and those who clear the test will
be eligible for financial help for their further studies.

Kindly ask the students to contact the people mentioned below to get the
form-

No.580, Shubhakar, 44th Cross,
1st ‘A’ Main Road, Jayanagar, 7th block, Bangalore.

Mob No:-

Ms Saraswati (99009-06338)
Mr Shiv kumar (9986630301) He sits at Hanumanthnagar Office,
Ms Bindu (9964534667) She sits at Yeshwantpur Office.

Even if you don’t know anyone, please pass on this info, some one might
be in need of this help desperately.

Thanks,
-Amaresh

Basic Shell Scripting Interview Questions!!!

2009-06-27T11:36:00.000-07:00

How do you find out what’s your shell? - echo $SHELL
What’s the command to find out today’s date? - date
What’s the command to find out users on the system? - who
How do you find out the current directory you’re in? - pwd
How do you remove a file? - rm
How do you remove a - rm -rf
How do you find out your own username? - whoami
How do you send a mail message to somebody? - mail somebody@techinterviews.com -s ‘Your subject’ -c ‘cc@techinterviews.com‘

How do you count words, lines and characters in a file? - wc
How do you search for a string inside a given file? - grep string filename
How do you search for a string inside a directory? - grep string *
How do you search for a string in a directory with the subdirectories recursed? - grep -r string *
What are PIDs? - They are process IDs given to processes. A PID can vary from 0 to 65535.
How do you list currently running process? - ps
How do you stop a process? - kill pid
How do you find out about all running processes? - ps -ag
How do you stop all the processes, except the shell window? - kill 0
How do you fire a process in the background? - ./process-name &
How do you refer to the arguments passed to a shell script? - $1, $2 and so on. $0 is your script name.
What’s the conditional statement in shell scripting? - if {condition} then … fi
How do you do number comparison in shell scripts? - -eq, -ne, -lt, -le, -gt, -ge
How do you test for file properties in shell scripts? - -s filename tells you if the file is not empty, -f filename tells you whether the argument is a file, and not a directory, -d filename tests if the argument is a directory, and not a file, -w filename tests for writeability, -r filename tests for readability, -x filename tests for executability
How do you do Boolean logic operators in shell scripting? - ! tests for logical not, -a tests for logical and, and -o tests for logical or.
How do you find out the number of arguments passed to the shell script? - $#
What’s a way to do multilevel if-else’s in shell scripting? - if {condition} then {statement} elif {condition} {statement} fi
How do you write a for loop in shell? - for {variable name} in {list} do {statement} done
How do you write a while loop in shell? - while {condition} do {statement} done
How does a case statement look in shell scripts? - case {variable} in {possible-value-1}) {statement};; {possible-value-2}) {statement};; esac
How do you read keyboard input in shell scripts? - read {variable-name}
How do you define a function in a shell script? - function-name() { #some code here return }
How does getopts command work? - The parameters to your script can be passed as -n 15 -x 20. Inside the script, you can iterate through the getopts array as while getopts n:x option, and the variable $option contains the value of the entered option.

Michael Jackson’s life cut shockingly short

2009-06-27T07:09:00.000-07:00

‘King of Pop’ had been spending many hours preparing for comeback tour

Gareth Cattermole / Getty Images file

Michael Jackson had been planning to start a series of comeback concerts in London and had been rehearsing in the Los Angeles area for the past two months. Promoters of the shows said in March that he had passed a lengthy physical examination.

View related photos

Slideshow

Michael Jackson: 1958 - 2009
Click to see pictures from the highs and lows of Michael Jackson's career.

Michael Jackson

Michael Jackson's health
June 26: L.A. Times reporter Andrew Blankstein talks with MSNBC's Keith Olbermann about the latest details being learned about the state of Michael Jackson's health before he died.

Deepak Chopra on Jackson's addiction, final days

What happens to Jackson's children?

Focus on coroner reflects health concerns

Legal drama likely to follow Jackson even in death

Jackson coroner finds no foul play

updated 8:51 a.m. ET June 26, 2009

LOS ANGELES - Michael Jackson, defined in equal parts as the world’s greatest entertainer and perhaps its most enigmatic figure, was about to attempt one of the greatest comebacks of all time. Then his life was cut shockingly — and so far, mysteriously — short.

The 50-year-old musical superstar died Thursday, just as he was preparing for what would be a series of 50 concerts starting July 13 at London’s famed 02 arena. Jackson had been spending hours and hours toiling with a team of dancers for a performance he and his fans hoped would restore his tarnished legacy to its proper place in pop.

An autopsy was planned for Friday, though results were not likely to be final until toxicology tests could be completed, a process that could take several days and sometimes weeks. However, if a cause can be determined by the autopsy, they will announce the results, said Los Angeles County Coroner Investigator Jerry McKibben.

Story continues below

Jackson died at UCLA Medical Center after being stricken at his rented home in the posh Los Angeles neighborhood of Holmby Hills. Paramedics tried to resuscitate him at his home for nearly three-quarters of an hour, then rushed him to the hospital where doctors continued to work on him.

“It is believed he suffered cardiac arrest in his home. However, the cause of his death is unknown until results of the autopsy are known,” his brother Jermaine said.

Cardiac arrest is an abnormal heart rhythm that stops the heart from pumping blood to the body. It can occur after a heart attack or be caused by other heart problems.

Jackson’s death brought a tragic end to a long, bizarre, sometimes farcical decline from his peak in the 1980s, when he was popular music’s premier all-around performer, a uniter of black and white music who shattered the race barrier on MTV, dominated the charts and dazzled even more on stage.

His 1982 album “Thriller” — which included the blockbuster hits “Beat It,” “Billie Jean” and “Thriller” — is the best-selling album of all time, with an estimated 50 million copies sold worldwide.

As word of his death spread, MTV switched its programming to play videos from Jackson’s heyday. Radio stations began playing marathons of his hits. Hundreds of people gathered outside the hospital. In New York’s Times Square, a low groan went up in the crowd when a screen flashed that Jackson had died, and people began relaying the news to friends by cell phone.

Timeline

A lifetime of music
Timeline of singer's life, from Jackson 5 to ‘Thriller’ to Neverland.

msnbc.com

“No joke. King of Pop is no more. Wow,” Michael Harris, 36, of New York City, read from a text message a friend had sent him. “It’s like when Kennedy was assassinated. I will always remember being in Times Square when Michael Jackson died.”

The public first knew him as a boy in the late 1960s, when he was the precocious, spinning lead singer of the Jackson 5, the singing group he formed with his four older brothers out of Gary, Ind. Among their No. 1 hits were “I Want You Back,” “ABC” and “I’ll Be There.”

He was perhaps the most exciting performer of his generation, known for his backward-gliding moonwalk, his feverish, crotch-grabbing dance moves and his high-pitched singing, punctuated with squeals and titters. His single sequined glove, tight, military-style jacket and aviator sunglasses were trademarks, as was his ever-changing, surgically altered appearance.

Slideshow

Fans react to loss
Fans gather to mourn and shed tears as news spreads that the “King of Pop” is dead at 50.

more photos

“For Michael to be taken away from us so suddenly at such a young age, I just don’t have the words,” said Quincy Jones, who produced “Thriller.” “He was the consummate entertainer and his contributions and legacy will be felt upon the world forever. I’ve lost my little brother today, and part of my soul has gone with him.”

Jackson ranked alongside Elvis Presley and the Beatles as the biggest pop sensations of all time. He united two of music’s biggest names when he was briefly married to Presley’s daughter, Lisa Marie. Jackson’s sudden death immediately evoked comparisons to that of Presley himself, who died at age 42 in 1977.

Slideshow

The face of change
During his brilliant career, Michael Jackson changed not only music, but also his appearance. See how his looks evolved over the course of his fame.

“I am so very sad and confused with every emotion possible,” Lisa Marie Presley said in a statement. “I am heartbroken for his children who I know were everything to him and for his family. This is such a massive loss on so many levels, words fail me.”

As years went by, Jackson became an increasingly freakish figure — a middle-aged man-child weirdly out of touch with grown-up life. His skin became lighter, his nose narrower, and he spoke in a breathy, girlish voice. He often wore a germ mask while traveling, kept a pet chimpanzee named Bubbles as one of his closest companions and surrounded himself with children at his Neverland ranch, a storybook playland filled with toys, rides and animals. The tabloids dubbed him “Wacko Jacko.”

Michael Jackson, 1958-2009

Jackson’s body taken to mortuary

Jackson was energetic, upbeat in final days

Joe Jackson: How did my son die?

Jackson’s death makes job tough for comedians

The King's merchandise could get a pop

Jackson memorabilia sells for $205,000

Newsweek: Unraveling Jackson's finances

Transcript of 911 call in Michael Jackson death

Jackson, Fawcett TV tributes to watch for

Michael Jackson’s life cut shockingly short

“It seemed to me that his internal essence was at war with the norms of the world. It’s as if he was trying to defy gravity,” said Michael Levine, a Hollywood publicist who represented Jackson in the early 1990s. He called Jackson a “disciple of P.T. Barnum” and said the star appeared fragile at the time but was “much more cunning and shrewd about the industry than anyone knew.”

Jackson caused a furor in 2002 when he playfully dangled his infant son, Prince Michael II, over a hotel balcony in Berlin while a throng of fans watched from below.

In 2005, he was cleared of charges that he molested a 13-year-old cancer survivor at Neverland in 2003. He had been accused of plying the boy with alcohol and groping him, and of engaging in strange and inappropriate behavior with other children.

The case followed years of rumors about Jackson and young boys. In a TV documentary, he acknowledged sharing his bed with children, a practice he described as sweet and not at all sexual.

Despite the acquittal, the lurid allegations that came out in court took a fearsome toll on his career and image, and he fell into serious financial trouble.

Michael Joseph Jackson was born Aug. 29, 1958, in Gary. He was 4 years old when he began singing with his brothers — Marlon, Jermaine, Jackie and Tito — in the Jackson 5. After his early success with bubblegum soul, he struck out on his own, generating innovative, explosive, unstoppable music.

Slideshow

Jackson and famous friends
Michael Jackson mingled with everyone from world leaders to actresses during his long career. Many of them spoke out about his loss.

The album “Thriller” alone mixed the dark, serpentine bass and drums and synthesizer approach of “Billie Jean,” the grinding Eddie Van Halen guitar solo on “Beat It,” and the hiccups and falsettos on “Wanna Be Startin’ Somethin’.”

The peak may have come in 1983, when Motown celebrated its 25th anniversary with an all-star televised concert and Jackson moonwalked off with the show, joining his brothers for a medley of old hits and then leaving them behind with a pointing, crouching, high-kicking, splay-footed, crotch-grabbing run through “Billie Jean.”

Basic Unix @sed Interview Questions!!!!

2009-06-25T11:33:00.000-07:00

What is sed? - sed is stream editor, a Unix tool for working with streams of text data. See the awful truth about sed.
How do you substitute strings with sed? - Use ’s/old/new’ command, so sed ’s/hello/goodbye/’ would substitute the occurrence of the word hello to goodbye.
How do you inject text with sed? - & in the substitution string defines the pattern found in the search string. As an example, here’s us trying to find a word ‘hello’ and replacing it with ‘hello and how are you’:
echo ‘hello there’ | sed ’s/^hello/& and how are you/’
Can I find several patterns and refer to them in the replacement string? - Yes, use (pattern) and then refer to your patterns as \1, \2, \3 and so on.
If the string is ‘old old old’ and I run ’s/old/new’, I get ‘new old old’ as the result. I need ‘new new new‘. - You forgot the global modifier, which would replace every occurrence of the pattern with the substitution. ’s/old/new/g‘ will work.
But I want ‘old old new’ from the previous example. - Just use the numeric modifier saying you want the third occurrence to be replaced. ’s/old/new/3‘ will work.
I wrote a rather complex sed script. How do I save and run it? - Assuming that your file is named myscript1.sed, you can invoke sed -f myscript1.sed.
How do I delete trailing whitespaces from each line? - sed ’s/[ \t]*$//’ Here we’re replacing any occurrence of a space or a tab with nothing. Check sed one-liners for more examples.
How do you print just a few first lines of the file? - sed 1q will give you just the first line, sed 10q the first 10 lines.
How do you replace a pattern only if it’s found, so that it’s executed faster? - Nest the replacement statement: sed ‘/old/ s/old/new/g’ file.txt

Unix Interview Questions and Answers!!!

2009-06-25T11:26:00.000-07:00

1. You need to see the last fifteen lines of the files dog, cat and horse. What command should you use?
tail -15 dog cat horse
The tail utility displays the end of a file. The -15 tells tail to display the last fifteen lines of each specified file.
2. Who owns the data dictionary?
The SYS user owns the data dictionary. The SYS and SYSTEM users are created when the database is created.
3. You routinely compress old log files. You now need to examine a log from two months ago. In order to view its contents without first having to decompress it, use the _________ utility.
zcat
The zcat utility allows you to examine the contents of a compressed file much the same way that cat displays a file.
4. You suspect that you have two commands with the same name as the command is not producing the expected results. What command can you use to determine the location of the command being run?
which
The which command searches your path until it finds a command that matches the command you are looking for and displays its full path.
5. You locate a command in the /bin directory but do not know what it does. What command can you use to determine its purpose.
whatis
The whatis command displays a summary line from the man page for the specified command.
6. You wish to create a link to the /data directory in bob’s home directory so you issue the command ln /data /home/bob/datalink but the command fails. What option should you use in this command line to be successful.
Use the -F option
In order to create a link to a directory you must use the -F option.
7. When you issue the command ls -l, the first character of the resulting display represents the file’s ___________.
type
The first character of the permission block designates the type of file that is being displayed.
8. What utility can you use to show a dynamic listing of running processes? __________
top
The top utility shows a listing of all running processes that is dynamically updated.
9. Where is standard output usually directed?
to the screen or display
By default, your shell directs standard output to your screen or display.
10. You wish to restore the file memo.ben which was backed up in the tarfile MyBackup.tar. What command should you type?
tar xf MyBackup.tar memo.ben
This command uses the x switch to extract a file. Here the file memo.ben will be restored from the tarfile MyBackup.tar.
11. You need to view the contents of the tarfile called MyBackup.tar. What command would you use?
tar tf MyBackup.tar
The t switch tells tar to display the contents and the f modifier specifies which file to examine.
12. You want to create a compressed backup of the users’ home directories. What utility should you use?
tar
You can use the z modifier with tar to compress your archive at the same time as creating it.
13. What daemon is responsible for tracking events on your system?
syslogd
The syslogd daemon is responsible for tracking system information and saving it to specified log files.
14. You have a file called phonenos that is almost 4,000 lines long. What text filter can you use to split it into four pieces each 1,000 lines long?
split
The split text filter will divide files into equally sized pieces. The default length of each piece is 1,000 lines.
15. You would like to temporarily change your command line editor to be vi. What command should you type to change it?
set -o vi
The set command is used to assign environment variables. In this case, you are instructing your shell to assign vi as your command line editor. However, once you log off and log back in you will return to the previously defined command line editor.
16. What account is created when you install Linux?
root
Whenever you install Linux, only one user account is created. This is the superuser account also known as root.
17. What command should you use to check the number of files and disk space used and each user’s defined quotas?
repquota
The repquota command is used to get a report on the status of the quotas you have set including the amount of allocated space and amount of used space.

Thanks,
-Amar

17 People Who Changed the Internet Forever!!!

2009-06-08T20:37:00.000-07:00

From its birth in the labs of Tim Berners-Lee back in 1992, to its interaction with the Napster in 1999, and its 2004 induction of Wikipedia: the Internet as we know it, has evolved drastically, been around the world literally, and changed the way humans live permanently.

Nothing can replace it, nothing is like it, and it has no alternative. The internet is like a diamond mine for the people who wish to acquire wealth, a profound lake of information for those who have an insatiable appetite for knowledge, and an eternal form of entertainment for those wish to amuse themselves.

With the passage of time, people from amongst us have emerged with the craziest of ideas to test and enhance the potential of this God’s gift to mankind. And it is due to the efforts of these noble souls, that we have the entire world at the simple tap of our fingers.

In no particular order, Skidzopedia provides you with a list of those people who have influenced the Internet greatly.

Larry Page and Sergey Brin - Google Inc.

Two PhDs from Stanford University started work in the garage of a friend’s. And they were defiantly not building steam engines!

They were, however, creating the internet’s most powerful search engine. Sergey Brin and Larry Page are arguably the world’s most successful Internet entrepreneurs and developers in history. This enabled them to earn billions, while assisting everyone from high school students to particle physicists have an easy time searching for information over the internet.

Google was first launched on Stanford’s website (google.stanford.edu) and then finally on Google.com in 1997. It is estimated that GOOGLE is worth about a staggering $25 billion dollars.

David Filo and Jerry Yang - Yahoo! Inc.

Yahoo! too is the creation of two Stanford University’s Electrical Engineer graduates, called Jerry Yang and David Filo. Yang started by listing web pages on the Internet and named it “Jerry’s Guide to the World Wide Web”. Then, he decided to switch it to Yahoo! and the initial URL was at akebono.stanford.edu/yahoo

In December 1994, that particular website had already received over a million hits. Realizing its potential, David Filo and Jerry Yang got serious and diversified Yahoo! as a web portal.

David Filo’s net worth is $2.9 billion dollars and Jerry Yang’s is $2.3 billion dollars.

Bill Gates - Microsoft

William Henry “Bill” Gates III, is an American business magnate, philanthropist, the world’s third richest person (as of February 8, 2008), and chairman of Microsoft, the software company he founded with Paul Allen.

Gates is one of the best-known entrepreneurs of the personal computer revolution. In the later stages of his career, Gates has pursued a number of philanthropic endeavors, donating large amounts of money to various charitable organizations and scientific research programs through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, established in 2000.

Gates also holds the record of being the Richest Person in the world for 15 consecutive years.

Steven Paul Jobs - Apple Inc.

Steven Paul Jobs is the co-founder, Chairman, and CEO of Apple Inc. and former CEO of Pixar Animation Studios.

In the late 1970s, Jobs, with Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, created one of the first commercially successful personal computers. In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of the mouse-driven GUI (Graphical User Interface)

After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs resigned from Apple and founded NeXT, a computer platform development company specializing in the higher education and business markets.

Jobs is currently the Walt Disney Company’s largest individual shareholder and a member of its Board of Directors. He is considered a leading figure in both the computer and industries.

Mark Zuckerberg - Facebook

One of the most admired and successful youngster of the 21st century is a 24 years old Harvard graduate - the world’s youngest billionaire, with an estimated net worth of $1.5 billion

He founded Facebook, the online social networking website. Zuckerberg launched The Facebook (FaceMatch) from his Harvard dorm room in 2004 and started promoting it to all Ivy League schools and some Boston institutions.

Soon, he bought over Facebook.com domain name. Facebook is now a household name with people of all ages, groups and interests, interacting with each other. Its business and pleasure at the same time!

Kevin Rose - Digg

You all know Kevin, don’t you? Perhaps one of the most respected internet idealist and TV show host, Kevin Rose has definitely placed a huge impacts among all Digg users.

He became well known as an on-air talent and later as a co-host working on TechTV’s popular show The Screen Savers (which later became Attack of the Show! ) until his departure from the network on May 2005.

He also co-founded Pownce and Revision3 besides his popular Digg.com, social-bookmarking website. He created Digg in 2004 by hiring a freelance programmer who Kevin Rose paid $12 per hour through eLance.

Kevin Rose later bought Digg.com domain name for $1,200 and then went on to buy larger server space. Digg received an ultra boost of capitals when they received $2.8 million of venture capital from Omidyar Network, Netscape co-founder Marc Andreessen and Greylock Partners.

Bram Cohen - BitTorrent

Best known as the developer, co-founder and author behind peer-to-peer sharing, Bram Cohen is the inventor of BitTorrent. The other day a cousin of mine said “Bit Torrent has made life easier!” That’s how easily we can sum up the achievements of this man.

Bram Cohen is also the co-founder of CodeCon and co-author of Codeville. In 2001, he quit his job at MojoNation to work in BitTorrent. He firstly revealed his ideas in a CodeCon conference and started luring beta testers by collecting free pornography.

He then spent some time working with Valve, but quit his job later to work in BitTorrent Inc. with his brother and business partner Mike Morhaime - Blizzard Entertainment

Mike Morhaime - Blizzard Entertainment

Mike Morhaime is the president and a co-founder of Blizzard Entertainment, a video game developer located in Irvine, California and currently owned by Activision Blizzard.

He is best know for his creation of a popular online gaming fantasy, World of Warcraft (WoW). It has over 10 million online gamers, raking Morhaime at least $1.5 billion every year.

Jimmy Wales - Wikipedia

Jimmy Wales is the co-founder of Wikipedia: a free and open content encyclopedia launched in 2001. He is also the co-founder of Wikia, a privately own web hosting company set up in 2004.

Jimmy Wales at first started a peer-reviewed, open-content encyclopedia which is Nupedia. He then utilized the ideas of Nupedia with his “wiki” software to form today’s Wikipedia.

His work with Wikipedia, which has become the world’s largest encyclopedia, prompted Time magazine to name him in its 2006 list of the world’s most influential people.

Chad Hurley and Steve Chen - YouTube

Chad Hurley (aged 28) and Steve Chen (aged 27) became the founders of the popular San Bruno, California-based video sharing website YouTube, one of the biggest providers of videos on the Internet.

Chad Hurley used to work for eBay’s PayPal in the designing department where he designed their logo. Together with PayPal colleagues, Jared Karim and Steve Chen, Chad founded YouTube in 2005.

Google later acquired YouTube at $1.65 billion dollars.

Jeff Preston Bezos - Amazon

Jeff Bezos is the founder, chairman of board, president and the chief executive officer of Amazon.com, a major e-commerce company that sells goods through the Internet. His net worth is currently at $8.2 billion dollars.

He was named Time magazine Person of the Year in 1999.

Shawn Fanning - Napster, Rupture

Inventor of Napster, the first popular peer-to-peer file sharing platform, Shawn Fanning is a computer programmer who developed Napster when he was still pursuing his studies in Northeastern University, Boston.

Soon after, however, Napster was the target of several music industry-backed lawsuits, which ultimately ended up causing the cessation of the service.

In December 2006, Fanning developed Rupture, a social networking tool that facilitates profiles and communications of online gamers in World of Warcraft.

Pierre Omidyar - eBay

Pierre Omidyar is the founder of eBay, an online auctioning marketplace that connects buyers and sellers. With a net worth of about $7.7 billion dollars, Omidyar and his wife Pam, are one of those entrepreneurs that go beyond doing profits, which is by contributing to non-profits organizations and aiding start-ups.

He wrote the source code of eBay when he was 28 years old in 1995. Initially, he decided to name his auction site after his consulting firm, Echo Bay but unfortunately, echobay.com was already taken. To save up his Internet service provider cost, he registered eBay.com.

Jack Ma - Alibaba

A similar site like ebay, was founded by Jack Ma, in 1999. It is basically a China-based business marketplace site that serves international businesses.

Alibaba Group then founded TaoBao.com, which is an online auction website that is pretty much similar to eBay and instead of paying through PayPal, TaoBao’s currency is AliPay. Yahoo Inc. then acquires 40% stocks worth over $1 billion dollars.

Craig Newmark - Craigslist

Craig Newmark is an Internet entrepreneur that invented the Craigslist, with over 14.1 million page-views a month, Craigslist.org is one of the most visited website on the Internet.

Craigslist is a centralized network of communities, featuring free advertisements and forums on various topics.

Matt Mullenweg - WordPress

If it weren’t for Matt Mullenweg creating WordPress, I would not have been here writing at this blog and you all wouldn’t have been reading this article.

At the age of 19, he invented the core of Wordpress, and later on when he turned 24, quit his job at CNET to fully focus on developing WordPress - a blogging platform.

He is also the founder of Automattic, the business behind WordPress as well as famous spam fighter, Akismet.

Sir Tim Berners-Lee - World Wide Web

Sir Tim Berners-Lee; the father of World Wide Web. On 25 December 1990 he implemented the first successful communication between an HTTP client and server via the Internet with the help of Robert Cailliau and a young student staff at CERN.

Sir Tim Berners-Lee is also the founder of World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) at Massachusetts Institute of Technology which comprises of companies that are willing to create standards and improvements of the Web.

From my point of view, if it wasn’t for him, none of the above mentioned personalities existed.

UPDATE (24/11/08)

Thomas Anderson - MySpace

Thomas “Tom” Anderson is the President of the social networking website, MySpace. He is one of the people identified as a founder of the site, along with CEO Chris DeWolfe.

Since newly created MySpace accounts include Tom as a default “friend,” he has become known as the face of MySpace. As of November 20, 2008, Tom has over 250 million “friends”, a number which is constantly increasing due to new MySpace accounts being created.

In 2003, working for eUniverse under the preview of Brad Greenspan he and a few other eUniverse employs set up the first pages of MySpace and the site grew from there. It is currently the most popular social networking website in the United States, and is the most popular website for teenagers as well.

Interesting Fact: According to several sources, in 1985 then 14-year-old San Pasqual High School (Escondido, California) student Tom Anderson was a computer hacker operating under the alias “Lord Flathead“.

He was known for leading a team that broke into Chase Manhattan Bank computers, altered records and left a message saying that unless he was given free use of the system he would destroy records. He was never charged.

Garrett Camp - StumbleUpon

Garrett Camp is the co-founder as well as the chief architect of Stumbleupon, a social bookmarking site that lets you discover and share new websites from all over the world. StumbleUpon took-off in November 2001, and continued, until late 2005 when it was moved to San Francisco.

To be more precise, StumbleUpon was founded by Garrett Camp, Geoff Smith, Justin LaFrance, and Eric Boyd during Garrett’s time in post-graduate school (in Calgary, Alberta, Canada).

The popularity of the software attracted Silicon Valley investor Brad O’Neill to take notice of the company and assist with a move to San Francisco. Garrett Camp and Geoff Smith now reside in San Francisco, where StumbleUpon is headquartered.

According to its About page, Stumble Upon has over 6,443,266 users.The majority of which are between the ages of 18 and 45 (in English-speaking countries). Half in the United States, half abroad, and the majority using Firefox.

Linus Torvalds - Linux

Linus Benedict Torvalds is a Finnish software engineer best known for having initiated the development of the Linux kernel. He later became the chief architect of the Linux kernel, and now acts as the project’s coordinator.

Initially Torvalds wanted to call the kernel he developed “Freax” - a combination of “free”, “freak”, and the letter X to indicate that it is a Unix-like system, but his friend Ari Lemmke, who administered the FTP server where the kernel was first hosted for downloading, named Torvalds’ directory linux.

Since Linux has had thousands of contributors, such a percentage represents a significant personal contribution to the overall amount of code. Torvalds remains the ultimate authority on what new code is incorporated into the standard Linux kernel.

UPDATE (25/11/08)

Jon Postel - Internet Pioneer

Jonathan Bruce Postel made many significant contributions to the development of the Internet, particularly in the area of standards. He is principally known for being the Editor of the Request for Comment (RFC) document series, and for administering the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority until his death.

The Internet Society’s Postel Award is named in his honor, as is the Postel Center at Information Sciences Institute. His obituary was written by Vint Cerf and published as RFC 2468 in remembrance of Postel and his work.

In its infancy, Jon worked on its development, from its early protocols, to the creation of TCP/IP. Documenter and co-developer many of the key Internet standards, including TCP/IP (basic Internet protocols), SMTP (email transfer), and DNS (name servers).

Jon’s influence is felt throughout the Internet, in its protocols, in their documentation, in the DNS names we use and the ‘dot’ we use to separate them, and, in no small way, in the ‘good engineering’ that helped the Internet thrive from its inception in 1969 to today.

Caterina Fake - Flickr

Fake is best known as the co-founder, with her husband Stewart Butterfield, of Flickr, a photo-sharing service developed by Ludicorp in Vancouver and acquired by Yahoo! in 2005.

Flickr ushered in the so-called Web 2.0 integrating features such as social networking, community open APIs, tagging, and algorithms that surfaced the best, or more interesting content. Prior to founding Ludicorp she was Art Director at Salon.com and heavily involved in the development of online community, social software and personal publishing. She joined the board of directors of Creative Commons in August of 2008.

Stewart Butterfield

General Manager of Flickr In 2005. Butterfield was named one of Businessweek’s Top 50 Leaders in the entrepreneur category and was awarded a TR35 award as one of 35 top innovators under the age of 35 by MIT’s Technology Review. On 2006 he was named to the Time 100, Time Magazine’s list of the 100 most influential people in the world.

Marc Andreessen - Netscape

Marc Andreessen is known as an entrepreneur, investor, startup coach, blogger, and a multi-millionaire software engineer best known as co-author of Mosaic, the first widely-used web browser, and founder of Netscape Communications Corporation.

He was the chair of Opsware, a software company he founded originally as Loudcloud, when it was acquired by Hewlett-Packard. He is also a co-founder of Ning, a company which provides a platform for social-networking websites.

As of June 30, 2008, he is said to be joining the Board of Directors of Facebook. On September 30, 2008, it was announced that he had joined the Board of Directors of eBay.

Jack Dorsey - Twitter

Jack Dorsey is an American software architect and businessperson best known as the creator of Twitter - a free social networking and micro-blogging service. BusinessWeek called him one of technology’s best and brightest. MIT’s Technology Review named him to the TR35, an outstanding innovator under the age of 35.

Dorsey, Stone and Williams co-founded Obvious which then spun off Twitter Inc. As chief executive officer, Dorsey saw the startup through two rounds of funding by the venture capitalists who back the company. In October 2008 Williams took over the role of CEO, and Dorsey became chairman of the board.

As the service grew in popularity, Dorsey had to choose improving uptime as top priority— even over creating revenue, which as of 2008, Twitter was not designed to earn.

Source:--www.stubleupon.com

How CVS will help to Realtime Developers ?

2009-05-29T23:19:00.000-07:00

The CVS commands here assume that you are using the command line version of CVS. Tips and tricks for a specific CVS GUI are specific to each GUI and do not really belong here.

Viewing the commit log of a file.

$ cvs log filename

Show current status of a file.

The status command will show you the latest version, the version in your working directory and if your local copy has been modified.

$ cvs status filename

Performing a CVS diff

After developers have checked in updates to the code it may be beneficial to see what has changed, either to help solve bugs or to track changes. There are several option to do this.

Perform a diff between complete branches:

$ cvs -q diff -u -r BRANCH1 -r BRANCH2

Perform a diff between a single file in two branches:

$ cvs -q diff -u -r BRANCH1 -r BRANCH2 filename

Perform a diff between different versions of a file:

$ cvs -q diff -u -r version1 -r version2 filename

Perform a diff between working version and most up to date file in database:

$ cvs -q diff -u filename

Perform a diff between working version and a specific database version:

$ cvs -q diff -u -r version filename

Retrieving CVS Information on Files

To retrieve the current version and other relevant information about a file run:

$ cvs status filename

To retrieve the entire change log pertaining to a file run:

$ cvs log filename

Retrieving CVS Files Based Upon Revision

To retrieve a file from CVS based upon a revision number perform the following:

$ cvs -q up -Pd -r revision filename

To get the revision number use the log command above

Tag file in CVS as a Release

To tag files in CVS as a release perform the following:

$ cvs tag

Run the command from within the release source dir.

Creating a Branch

I like to do the following before creating a branch:

See what tags are available and pick one.

$ cvs -q log filename

Revert to a tagged version of HEAD.

$ cvs -q up -r TAG_Version

To create a branch in CVS perform the following:

$ cvs tag -b

Run the command from within the release source dir. This should be done in the top level directory of the project. The chosen_branch is something like BRANCH_36_BUG_.

cvs -q up -r

$ cvs -q status <-- confirm that the branch has specified as the tag

$ cvs tag _mm_day_year <-- eg: BRANCH_12_BUG_12345_07_17_2009

Reverting to a Branch

To revert to a branch in CVS perform the following:

$ cvs -q up -r

Run the command from within the release source dir. This should be done in the top level directory of the project. The chosen_branch is something like BRANCH_BUG_.

Verifying you are in a branch

To verify you are in a branch

$ cvs -q status

You will see that the branch is a sticky tag.

Merge Current Branch with HEAD

Ensure that you are in the branch by reverting to the branch and Verifying that you are in the branch.

$ cvs update -j

This will ensure that you are your branch is getting merged properly with HEAD so the only differences you see between your branch and the are changes that you made. You can verify this from your branch with:

$ cvs -q diff -u -r | less

You will eventually have to commit your changes you should always do a tag on the branch after your commit.

$ cvs tag

Merge HEAD into Current Branch Multiple Times (with tags) and without -kk option

$ cvs update -j -j

This command will unfortunenately result in a lot of your ID tags getting changed at the top. Using the --kk option will avoid this problem. But then you won't see which files have changed and You won't know who last modified a file easily. After you run this command I recommend:

$ vim `cvs up -d | grep '^C' | sed -e 's/^C //'`

You may find the following page interesting as well: http://kb.wisc.edu/middleware/page.php?id=4087

This will grab all of the conflicting files. You can save them with :w. And step through them with :bn. You can easily close them all with :wq!.

Merge HEAD into Current Branch Multiple Times (with tags)

To merge current HEAD into a branch that has already had HEAD merged into it once, the differences between that last merge and current HEAD need to be gathered and applied to the branch. This is done by finding out when the last time HEAD was merged with the branch. Hopefully you tagged your branch. Repeat steps 1 and 2 from the previous section to create a tag for HEAD and to create a tag for your branch so you can have a backup/reference point. Then, perform the following if you have tagged the branch when merging the last time:

$ cvs update -kk -j -j

Run the command from within the branched version. is the old tag in HEAD from the last time you merged (the tag that you created in Step one from the previous section). If you in this case, the format will likely be the following:

$ cvs update -kk -j UPDATE_HEAD_36_BUG__06_16_2008 -j UPDATE_HEAD_36_BUG__07_23_2008

The first tag is the one created the last time HEAD was merged into the branch. The second tag is one that should have been just created. This will take all the differences between the two tags, and bring them into the branch. The next time a merge from HEAD into the branch occurs, this latest tag will be the "old" tag, and the new tag will be created at the time of the merge.

The reason for tagging the branch before a join/merge like this is to create a reference point to revert to if the need ever arises. The -kk option removes rcsid tags so that the cvs tag at the top doesn't get flagged as a conflict on every merge/join.

Merge HEAD into Current Branch Multiple Times (without tags)

If no tags have been created for the branch when HEAD was merged into a branch at a previous time, an alternative is to use the daily build tag. Find the commit message of the last time HEAD was merged into the branch and was committed and select the daily build tag the day BEFORE that one (but only if the commit was before the daily build that day, i.e. before lunch time for GMT -06:00). An example is provided below on how to merge without tagging:

$ cvs update -kk -j Tag_Branch -j HEAD>

Run the command from within the branched version.

----------------------------------
To Avoide network confusion :-

use :- alias cvs=`cvs -z9`

causes cvs to use compression level 6.

Good links for it:-

http://datagrams.blogspot.com/2009/01/how-to-deploy-cvs-concurrent-versions.html

http://kb.wisc.edu/middleware/page.php?id=4087
http://ximbiot.com/cvs/manual/cvs-1.11.21/cvs_10.html#SEC85
http://ximbiot.com/cvs/wiki/Special/Index

For More :- http://scmgalaxy.com/cvs-commandline/

Thanks,
-Amaresh

How to edit Grub loader?

2009-05-28T04:29:00.001-07:00

GNU GRUB ("GRUB" for short) is a boot loader package from the GNU Project. GRUB is the reference implementation of the Multiboot Specification, which allows a user to have several different operating systems on their computer at once, and to choose which one to run when the computer starts. GRUB can be used to select from different kernel images available on a particular operating system's partitions, as well as to pass boot-time parameters to such kernels.

GRUB is dynamically configurable; it loads its configuration at startup, allowing boot-time changes such as selecting different kernels or initial RAM disks. To this end, GRUB provides a simple, bash-like, command line interface which lets users write new boot sequences.

GRUB is highly portable. It supports multiple executable formats, and is geometry translation independent; while Multiboot compliant, it supports non-multiboot operating systems such as Microsoft Windows and OS/2 via a chain loading function. GRUB supports all commonly used Unix file systems as well as VFAT and NTFS as used by Windows, and supports Logical Block Address (LBA) mode. GRUB allows users to view the contents of files on any supported file system.

GRUB can be used with a variety of different user interfaces. Most Linux distributions take advantage of GRUB's support for a graphical interface to provide a customized boot menu with a background image, and occasionally mouse support.[citation needed] GRUB's text interface can be set to use a serial link to provide a remote terminal boot loader access.

GRUB can download operating system images from a network, and can thus support disk-free systems. GRUB supports automatic decompression of OS images prior to booting from them.

GRUB differs from other boot loaders by being able to communicate with a user directly via a GRUB prompt. A GRUB prompt is the stage before GRUB loads an operating system and can be triggered at a text-mode GRUB booting screen (which is controlled by the configuration file "menu.lst" (or "grub.conf": see below)) by pressing the "c" key. A GRUB prompt (similar to bash) can also be obtained by booting GRUB as a stand alone system without an operating system attached or in any GRUB installation with an operating system when the "menu.lst" file is absent. From the GRUB prompt a user can manually select and control booting from any installed operating system by using bash-like commands. To boot an operating system automatically, the appropriate commands are placed in a configuration file called "menu.lst" in a designated subdirectory.

GRUB has a rich set of terminal commands that allow a user at the GRUB prompt to view the partition details of the hard disks, alter a partition setting, re-map the disk order temporarily, boot any user-defined configuration file and to view booting configuration of other boot loaders in file formats GRUB supports. Thus, without prior knowledge of what is installed on a computer one can use GRUB from an external device such as a floppy disk, USB device or a CD-ROM to boot up an installed operating system.

GRUB uses a scrolling screen for selection of operating systems to boot. This means 150 or more booting choices can be controlled by GRUB with ease by adding each to the "menu.lst" configuration file, and selecting one at boot time using the arrow keys.

One boot loader can boot another boot loader by chainloading. GRUB uses the same two to three lines of command sequences to boot any DOS, Windows, Linux, BSD or Solaris system, making it very easy to work with.

Although GNU GRUB can be pre-packaged or retro-built into Unix-like operating systems, there are also specific GRUB implementations for DOS and Windows. GRUB can also be installed as a stand alone system unattached to any operating system. Its implementation requires one file for booting from a CD and two files for booting from a floppy, hard disk or a USB device. These files are available from any Linux Live CD that supports GRUB, making it easily and freely obtainable by computer users.

[edit] Boot process

When a computer is turned on, the computer's BIOS finds the primary bootable device (usually the computer's hard disk) and loads the initial bootstrap program from the master boot record (MBR), the first 512 bytes of the hard disk, and then transfers control to this code.

The MBR contains GRUB stage 1. Given the small size of the MBR, Stage 1 does little more than load the next stage of GRUB (which may reside physically elsewhere on the disk). Stage 1 can either load Stage 2 directly, or it can load stage 1.5: GRUB Stage 1.5 is located in the first 30 kilobytes of hard disk immediately following the MBR. Stage 1.5 loads Stage 2.

When GRUB Stage 2 receives control, it presents an interface where the user can select which operating system to boot. This normally takes the form of a graphical menu, although if this is not available or the user wishes further control, GRUB has its own command prompt, where the user can manually specify the boot parameters. GRUB can also be set to automatically load a particular kernel after a timeout period.

Once boot options have been selected, GRUB loads the selected kernel into memory and passes control on to the kernel, which then continues to start itself. At this stage GRUB can also pass control of the boot process to another loader, using chain loading, for operating systems such as Windows that do not support the Multiboot standard. In this case, copies of the other system's boot programs have been saved by GRUB; instead of a kernel, the other system is loaded as though it had been started from the MBR. This may be yet another boot manager, such as the Microsoft boot menu, allowing further selection of non-Multiboot operating systems. (This behavior is often automatic when modern Linux distributions are installed "on top of" existing Windows systems, allowing the user to retain the original operating system without modification, including systems that contain multiple versions of Windows.)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Linux commands for this :-

step 1:- (Move to boot folder)
cd /boot/grub

step 2:- (edit the menu.lst as per your design)

see the grub editor file:-
vim menu.lst (else use gedit )

# menu.lst - See: grub(8), info grub, update-grub(8)
# grub-install(8), grub-floppy(8),
# grub-md5-crypt, /usr/share/doc/grub
# and /usr/share/doc/grub-doc/.

## default num
# Set the default entry to the entry number NUM. Numbering starts from 0, and
# the entry number 0 is the default if the command is not used.
#
# You can specify 'saved' instead of a number. In this case, the default entry
# is the entry saved with the command 'savedefault'.
# WARNING: If you are using dmraid do not change this entry to 'saved' or your
# array will desync and will not let you boot your system.
default 0

## timeout sec
# Set a timeout, in SEC seconds, before automatically booting the default entry
# (normally the first entry defined).
timeout 10

## hiddenmenu
# Hides the menu by default (press ESC to see the menu)
#hiddenmenu

# Pretty colours
#color cyan/blue white/blue

## password ['--md5'] passwd
# If used in the first section of a menu file, disable all interactive editing
# control (menu entry editor and command-line) and entries protected by the
# command 'lock'
# e.g. password topsecret
# password --md5 $1$gLhU0/$aW78kHK1QfV3P2b2znUoe/
# password topsecret

#
# examples
#
# title Windows 95/98/NT/2000
# root (hd0,0)
# makeactive
# chainloader +1
#
# title Linux
# root (hd0,1)
# kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/hda2 ro
#

#
# Put static boot stanzas before and/or after AUTOMAGIC KERNEL LIST

### BEGIN AUTOMAGIC KERNELS LIST
## lines between the AUTOMAGIC KERNELS LIST markers will be modified
## by the debian update-grub script except for the default options below

## DO NOT UNCOMMENT THEM, Just edit them to your needs

## ## Start Default Options ##
## default kernel options
## default kernel options for automagic boot options
## If you want special options for specific kernels use kopt_x_y_z
## where x.y.z is kernel version. Minor versions can be omitted.
## e.g. kopt=root=/dev/hda1 ro
## kopt_2_6_8=root=/dev/hdc1 ro
## kopt_2_6_8_2_686=root=/dev/hdc2 ro
# kopt=root=UUID=4aceaf01-4d11-4d24-82fa-be463fcb6358 ro

## Setup crashdump menu entries
## e.g. crashdump=1
# crashdump=0

## default grub root device
## e.g. groot=(hd0,0)
# groot=(hd0,2)

## should update-grub create alternative automagic boot options
## e.g. alternative=true
## alternative=false
# alternative=true

## should update-grub lock alternative automagic boot options
## e.g. lockalternative=true
## lockalternative=false
# lockalternative=false

## additional options to use with the default boot option, but not with the
## alternatives
## e.g. defoptions=vga=791 resume=/dev/hda5
# defoptions=quiet splash

## should update-grub lock old automagic boot options
## e.g. lockold=false
## lockold=true
# lockold=false

## Xen hypervisor options to use with the default Xen boot option
# xenhopt=

## Xen Linux kernel options to use with the default Xen boot option
# xenkopt=console=tty0

## altoption boot targets option
## multiple altoptions lines are allowed
## e.g. altoptions=(extra menu suffix) extra boot options
## altoptions=(recovery) single
# altoptions=(recovery mode) single

## controls how many kernels should be put into the menu.lst
## only counts the first occurence of a kernel, not the
## alternative kernel options
## e.g. howmany=all
## howmany=7
# howmany=all

## should update-grub create memtest86 boot option
## e.g. memtest86=true
## memtest86=false
# memtest86=true

## should update-grub adjust the value of the default booted system
## can be true or false
# updatedefaultentry=false

## should update-grub add savedefault to the default options
## can be true or false
# savedefault=false

## ## End Default Options ##

title Ubuntu 8.04.2, kernel 2.6.24-24-generic
root (hd0,2)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.24-24-generic root=UUID=4aceaf01-4d11-4d24-82fa-be463fcb6358 ro quiet splash
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.24-24-generic
quiet

title Ubuntu 8.04.2, kernel 2.6.24-24-generic (recovery mode)
root (hd0,2)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.24-24-generic root=UUID=4aceaf01-4d11-4d24-82fa-be463fcb6358 ro single
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.24-24-generic

title Ubuntu 8.04.2, memtest86+
root (hd0,2)
kernel /boot/memtest86+.bin
quiet

### END DEBIAN AUTOMAGIC KERNELS LIST

# This is a divider, added to separate the menu items below from the Debian
# ones.
title Amaresh Will we Choose 2nd OS ?:
root

# This entry automatically added by the Debian installer for a non-linux OS
# on /dev/sda1
title Microsoft Windows XP Professional
root (hd0,0)
savedefault
makeactive
chainloader +1

Step3:-
-----------
If you want to change time out section:-
--------------------------------------------

By default it will be 10 second if you want to increase to 20 second then just do change 10 to second

## timeout sec
# Set a timeout, in SEC seconds, before automatically booting the default entry
# (normally the first entry defined).
#timeout 10
timeout 20

If you want to change the color of loader screen:--
---------------------------------------------------

# Pretty colours
#color cyan/blue white/blue

Just uncomment the color and you will get color background!!

change to:-

It will give normal blue background.:-

# Pretty colours
color cyan/blue white/blue

It will give blinking letter with blue background:-

# Pretty colours
color white/blue

If you have multi OS:---
----------------------------
suppose you have two OS i,e Linux and Window and linux is default OS and window is Optional OS ,

example:-

title Ubuntu 8.04.2, kernel 2.6.24-24-generic
root (hd0,2)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.24-24-generic root=UUID=4aceaf01-4d11-4d24-82fa-be463fcb6358 ro quiet splash
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.24-24-generic
quiet

title Ubuntu 8.04.2, kernel 2.6.24-24-generic (recovery mode)
root (hd0,2)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.24-24-generic root=UUID=4aceaf01-4d11-4d24-82fa-be463fcb6358 ro single
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.24-24-generic

title Ubuntu 8.04.2, memtest86+
root (hd0,2)
kernel /boot/memtest86+.bin
quiet

### END DEBIAN AUTOMAGIC KERNELS LIST

# This is a divider, added to separate the menu items below from the Debian
# ones.
title Other Operating System:
root

# This entry automatically added by the Debian installer for a non-linux OS
# on /dev/sda1
title Microsoft Windows XP Professional
root (hd0,0)
savedefault
makeactive
chainloader +1

Do you want to make Window as first loader ?, If so then please follow my bellow

It's dead easy just change the OS position in menu.lst like bellow,

# This entry automatically added by the Debian installer for a non-linux OS
# on /dev/sda1
title Microsoft Windows XP Professional
root (hd0,0)
savedefault
makeactive
chainloader +1

# This is a divider, added to separate the menu items below from the Debian
# ones.
title Will we Choose 2nd OS ?:
root

title Ubuntu 8.04.2, kernel 2.6.24-24-generic
root (hd0,2)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.24-24-generic root=UUID=4aceaf01-4d11-4d24-82fa-be463fcb6358 ro quiet splash
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.24-24-generic
quiet

title Ubuntu 8.04.2, kernel 2.6.24-24-generic (recovery mode)
root (hd0,2)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.24-24-generic root=UUID=4aceaf01-4d11-4d24-82fa-be463fcb6358 ro single
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.24-24-generic

title Ubuntu 8.04.2, memtest86+
root (hd0,2)
kernel /boot/memtest86+.bin
quiet

Some Interesting Stuffs!!:-
---------------------------

# This is a divider, added to separate the menu items below from the Debian
# ones.
title Amaresh!, Choose my OS?:
root

title IndiaStudyChannel.com(Linux)
root (hd0,2)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.24-24-generic root=UUID=4aceaf01-4d11-4d24-82fa-be463fcb6358 ro quiet splash
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.24-24-generic
quiet

title IndiaStudyChannel.com (recovery mode)
root (hd0,2)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.24-24-generic root=UUID=4aceaf01-4d11-4d24-82fa-be463fcb6358 ro single
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.24-24-generic

title IndiaStudyChannel.com, memtest86+
root (hd0,2)
kernel /boot/memtest86+.bin
quiet

# This entry automatically added by the Debian installer for a non-linux OS
# on /dev/sda1
title ittipsandtrics.blogspot.com(Windows)
root (hd0,0)
savedefault
makeactive
chainloader +1

It's all about Grub,

Still you need any new option then please do comment! else feel free to give mail.

Thanks & Regards,
-Amaresh Chandra Das
http://www.indiastudychannel.com/projects/ViewProject.aspx?ProjectId=2318

Mozilla introduced Jetpack project!!!

2009-05-27T06:10:00.000-07:00

Mozilla Labs has announced the launch of Jetpack project that explore new ways to extend and personalize the Web. With Jetpack, Mozilla is making the add-on creation process much more accessible technically, allowing anyone who can build a Web site to participate in making the Web a better place to work, communicate and play, the company said.

"With Jetpack, we’re building upon our experience over the last four years empowering a community of more than 8,000 developers to produce more than 12,000 add-ons to imagine and build the next generation of the add-ons platform. We want to grow our community of developers by orders of magnitude through making add-on creation much more accessible, and yet more powerful by developing it as an extensible platform for innovation itself. Many useful Jetpack Features can be written in under a dozen lines of code," said in a blog post by Aza Raskin, Atul Varma, and Nick Nguyen on behalf of the Jetpack development team.

Aza Raskin, head of user experience at Mozilla, added that "Jetpack allows developers to build features that are secure, easy to install, and faster to review. These features can be added to the browser without a restart, or compatibility issues, resulting in little to no disruption to the online experience."

Jetpack will enable developers using Web technologies such as HTML, CSS and JavaScript to enhance the browser. "With Jetpack, building a new Firefox feature will be as easy as simply writing a few lines of code", Mozilla said. "The Mozilla platform gives developers an easy way to connect with the 300 million users of the Web, empowering Mozilla's community of more than 8,000 developers to share their features with the larger online community", the company said.

The version 0.1 of Jetpack includes:

Initial Jetpack APIs with support for statusbars, tabs, content-scripts, animations, and more.
Support for external API libraries (e.g. Twitter)
jQuery support
Integrated development environment with Bespin, with immediate installs and a fast development cycle
Inline debugging with Firebug
This initial release of the Jetpack API does not include a fully formed security model. It is being released for testing, development, and feedback.

Install
https://jetpack.mozillalabs.com/

Want to add alexa on firefox ?

2009-05-27T05:11:00.000-07:00

Dear all,

uzz up!Alexa Ranking,Every One want to be in the top of Alexa Ranking and why not. It is the Best Way to know your website ranking .Alexa Ranking is not a new concept in this Internet Market. It is 13+ more Years Experience in the Market of Internet ,to deliver the Best to its users and Now it is on

You want to see your site ranking through alexa ? then follow the following steps:

Choose Firefox else download me
Choose me
then install and restart your Firefox.

More about alexa:-
Alexa Sparky 1.3.0

by rommel, geoffmack, bewest

Search Tools

Get Alexa data in your statusbar!

Add to Firefox

This add-on has a privacy policy.

More Images

Long Description

Sparky is a free Firefox browser plugin built by Alexa, that accompanies you as you surf, providing useful information about the sites you visit without interrupting your Web browsing.

* Learn about Website Traffic Trend information -- Is this site getting more popular, or less popular?

* Get detailed traffic information including Reach and Rank -- How does this site's traffic compare to other sites on the Web?

* Surf more efficiently with Related Links for each page -- If I like this site, are there others that I might want to visit?

Plus, as you surf around the Web with Sparky you are helping to make the Web a better place for everybody by contributing to the traffic information that Alexa provides.

Relater stuffs:-

How to Increase Alexa Ranking of Website!!

If still you are facing any problem with this them give comments and i ll try to solve it out.

Thanks,
-Amaresh

Dell studio 15:-My dvd writer is not working.whenever i insert dvd/cd it ejects it without reading it.

2009-05-14T05:15:00.000-07:00

Are you using a windows PC?

If so I ave some suggestions:

1. Go To Start Menu - Control Panel - System
click on the Hardware tab
select the DVD/CD-ROM drives
select the DVD drive in question
RIGHT click to get a menu click on Update Driver

2. If the DVD drive doesn't appear, you may need to reinstall in that case go to Add Hardware and install it.

I hope this helps.

tftp SetUP in Linux (U-Buntu)

2009-05-13T04:55:00.001-07:00

This is a quick description of how to install and setup a tftp server in Ubuntu.

1. Install tftpd and related packages.

$ sudo apt-get install xinetd tftpd tftp

2. Create /etc/xinetd.d/tftp file and put this entry:

service tftp

{

protocol = udp

port = 69

socket_type = dgram

wait = yes

user = nobody

server = /usr/sbin/in.tftpd

server_args = /tftpboot

disable = no

}

3. Make /tftpboot directory

$ sudo mkdir /tftpboot

$ sudo chmod -R 777 /tftpboot

$ sudo chown -R nobody /tftpboot

4. Start tftpd through xinetd

$ sudo /etc/init.d/xinetd restart

5. Testing. Tranfering file test.txt from 192.168.1.100 (Client using tftp) to 192.168.1.100 (Server 192.168.1.100). Get an example file to transfer (eg. test.txt)

$ touch /tftpboot/test.txt

$ chmod 777 /tftpboot/test.txt

$ ls -l /tftpboot/

total 0

-rwxrwxrwx 1 amaresh amaresh 707 2006-03-27 23:07 test.txt

$ tftp 192.168.1.100

tftp> put test.txt

Sent 722 bytes in 0.0 seconds

tftp> quit

$ ls -l /tftpboot/

total 4

-rwxrwxrwx 1 amaresh amaresh 707 2006-03-27 23:07 test.txt

How to view your Picasa photo's on Blogs ?

2009-05-13T03:00:00.000-07:00

It will act on all type blogs like webpress,blogger etc..

Open Picasa account --> Login to Picasa,

Then go to your albm,

Then click on the red spot,

then click on the red sopy i'e Embaded slide show,

then either click on Get Your Own else copy the HTML code (lest Red rounded code )

Then paste this code in

Paste that HTML code Here,

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DO save and enjoy with your Pictures,

If you ll get any problem then comment me, i will guide you , Good Luck!!

Thanks,

-Amaresh

Falling snow effect on your blog

2009-05-12T03:25:00.000-07:00

This is very cool widget for your blog, if you like snow i will lead you how to add to your blog , just with very simple step.copy this code


<script src="http://www33.websamba.com/anhvosite/blogger/js2/snow-effect.js" type="text/javascript"></script>

and add it before tag
</head>

Thats all
now save and join

note:
you can go to that link : SnowFall


Reference:--

Cheerz \m/

How wil you add counters in Blogs ?

2009-05-12T02:38:00.000-07:00

Dear all ,

It's dead easy, feel free to log in Start Counter,

Then follow the instruction as per the site "http://www.statcounter.com/"

finally , you will get a HTML code , copy (ctrl -c) this HTML code and paste as per bellow instruction,

paste (ctrl-v) HTML code and save it

Now view your blogs ,

Good luck
If you are in difficult please leave a comment.I will answer you.

Make your blog redirect to another address ?

2009-05-11T05:48:00.000-07:00

Some bloggers asked me is there any way to get the visitors back to their new domain without changing anything!They have been using blog for a long time and they wanted to make a website instead of it, but they didn't want to lose their familiar visitors.This is a really hard problem to some bloggers, so this tip will help you to get back your visitors ( not perfect but it can get back 90 % perhaps).

This is called redirect address , it means you have to put 1 short meta tag to your blog source , before tag :



<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0;url=http://yournewurl.com"/>

That's it , just replace the red word by your new address then your old blog will redirect to your new site ( include any address and you can use it to redirect all your sub blogs to your mail blog, too).

Save and don't bother about the visitors.Keep thinking about your new address name.

How to show code in your any Bolgs or Post ?

2009-05-11T05:39:00.000-07:00

If you want to lead your visitors to do somethings about web development but you can not put the codes in the post so this is maybe a big problem.You don't believe ? Go to "Create new post" and type the word

Use this link and paste the modified code here ,

Link:-Simple Code "http://www.simplebits.com/cgi-bin/simplecode.pl?"

Thanks,
-Amar

how to add visitor counter in blogspot ?

2009-05-11T00:25:00.000-07:00

For Blogger / Blogspot. You simply need to:

Sign up for a free account at StatCounter and follow the 'Install Code' wizard to generate your StatCounter code.
When prompted, make sure to choose Blogger / Blogspot as your Blog/Web Page Editor from the drop down list.
Copy the StatCounter code.
Log into your Blogger / Blogspot blog.
Go to the layout area.
Click one of the “Add a Gadget” links at the bottom or to the right of your blog layout area (as indicated in the picture). (Note from the screenshot that we are in the “Page Elements” tab of the “Layout” area.)
Clicking “Add a Gadget” opens a new window similar to the one pictured below.
Scroll down through the list of Basic gadgets to find the HTML/Javascript gadget as shown in the picture below. Click the text (that says HTML/JavaScript) to add the gadget to your blog.
Paste the StatCounter code into the content section of the gadget.
Click "Save" and that's it!

Your StatCounter will now begin recording visitor information and, if you chose the visible option, your StatCounter will be visible on your blog!

Add Your URL to Google!!!

2009-05-11T00:10:00.000-07:00

Dear all,

If you want to publish your URL through Google as it's totaly free to add url,

So Please follow the bellow steps:-

collect own url site like "www.bangaloreorbit.com"
add your url in google "http://www.google.com/addurl"

Cheers \m/
-Amar

Access Tools Repository(CVS)

2009-05-07T06:41:00.000-07:00

This is a general dump (and backup) of all code that is written as test or example systems for other projects. Additionally any third party tools that we would like to keep together and have access to will also be stored here. In general it should be used to store anything that will help others with developing and testing our products.
To Create (add) a new module to the repository:

1. Move all your source files into a directory
2. Perform a "make clean" to clear out unneeded files
3. Delete any backup files
4. run the following command:
* "cvs -d username@cvs:/files/cvs/tools import "
o where:
- what you want your module to be called
- company where code originated
- just pick a name to use as a revision tag
example:
o "cvs -d amareshcd@cvs:/files/cvs/tools import vcomvs VCOM vcomvs_01"

To check out code from the repository:

1. create yourself a directory that you wish for the files to be checked into
2. run
* " cvs -d username@cvs:/files/cvs/tools get -PA "
where:
- What you named the tool in the import
example:
"cvs -d amareshcd@cvs:/files/cvs/tools get -PA vcomvs"

To find out what tools are in the repository:

1. ssh into cvs
2. type: "ls -al /files/cvs/tools/" (It's depend on your file location)

Setup tftp server in Ubuntu Linux

2009-05-07T06:39:00.000-07:00

This is a quick description of how to install and setup a tftp server in Ubuntu.

1. Install tftpd and related packages.

$ sudo apt-get install xinetd tftpd tftp

2. Create /etc/xinetd.d/tftp file and put this entry:

service tftp

{

protocol = udp

port = 69

socket_type = dgram

wait = yes

user = nobody

server = /usr/sbin/in.tftpd

server_args = /tftpboot

disable = no

}

3. Make /tftpboot directory

$ sudo mkdir /tftpboot

$ sudo chmod -R 777 /tftpboot

$ sudo chown -R nobody /tftpboot

4. Start tftpd through xinetd

$ sudo /etc/init.d/xinetd restart

5. Testing. Tranfering file test.txt from 192.168.1.100 (Client using tftp) to 192.168.1.100 (Server 192.168.1.100). Get an example file to transfer (eg. test.txt)

$ touch /tftpboot/test.txt

$ chmod 777 /tftpboot/test.txt

$ ls -l /tftpboot/

total 0

-rwxrwxrwx 1 amareshcd amareshcd 0 2006-03-27 23:04 test.txt

$ tftp 192.168.1.100

tftp> put test.txt

Sent 722 bytes in 0.0 seconds

tftp> quit

$ ls -l /tftpboot/

total 4

-rwxrwxrwx 1 amareshcd amareshcd 707 2006-03-27 23:07 test.txt

GCC Setup for compiling the Bootloader (Debian Linux)

2009-05-07T06:25:00.000-07:00

To compile the bootloader on Ubuntu, follow these steps:

check gcc version :-

command :- gcc --version
example:-
amaresh@AmSi:~$ gcc --version
gcc (GCC) 3.3.6 (Ubuntu 1:3.3.6-15ubuntu4)
Copyright (C) 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Do following way:-

sudo apt-get install gcc-
sudo rm /usr/bin/gcc
sudo ln /usr/bin/gcc- /use/bin/gcc

Example:-
sudo apt-get install gcc-3.3

        sudo rm /usr/bin/gcc
       sudo ln /usr/bin/gcc-3.3 /usr/bin/gcc

Screen Tips (Linux)

2009-05-07T05:58:00.000-07:00

Screen is a terminal emulator that allows you to detach/reattach to running programs. This allows you to have many programs running in tabs on one console connection. You can then detach from that instance of screen, logout, go home, login and reattach as if nothing happened.

This makes it significantly easier to have the same working environment over the VPN as you do at your desktop.
Quick Introduction

type: screen

You will be sitting at a bash shell as if nothing changed. However, you are now running bash inside of screen. All commands that are directed at screen are prefixed with Ctrl-a (C-a)

Now, try this: C-a c as in Ctrl-a create new tab.

And then: C-a " as in Ctrl-a (quote)

This should list the two tabs you have open, you can use up and down to move between them.

Launch vim and type some words in the vim session. Now hit: C-a p as in Ctrl-a previous.

Your vim will dissappear and you will be at your first tab again, at a bash prompt.

Now hit: C-a d (Ctrl-a detach) to drop you back to the original command line. Do a quick ps aux | grep screen to see your screen session is still running.

You can actually exit the shell session or completely disconnect from your ssh session (like ssh to blizzard) and your screen will still be there waiting for you.

When you are ready to reconnect to your screen just type: screen -r
Command Overview

Key
Action :- Ctrl-a c
New tab :- Ctrl-a n
Next tab :- Ctrl-a p
Prev tab :- Ctrl-a "

List tabs, interactively choose 1

Ctrl-a Ctrl-a

Goto last tab :- Ctrl-a N
Goto N tab :- Ctrl-a d

Detact from session :- screen -r

Reattach to a session (run from command line) :- screen -d -r

Reattach to a session, detaching an attached session first if necessary (nice if you want to see a running screen state from a different location)
screen -x

Attach to your running session (run from command line). This allows you to have two terminal windows connected to the same screen session (yes, you can watch yourself type)

Ctrl-a A

Rename this tab
Ctrl-a S

Split current tab into two horizontally into regions

Ctrl-a :resize
Resize current region
Ctrl-a tab

Move to next region
Ctrl-a M

Monitor a tab for activity
Ctrl-a _

Monitor a tab for silence
~/.screenrc

Add these lines to your ~/.screenrc for some prettiness:

startup_message off
hardstatus alwayslastline
hardstatus string '%{.k}%{g}[ %{G}%H %{g}][%= %{wk}%?%-Lw%?%{=b kR}(%{W}%n*%f %t%?(%u)%?%{=b kR})%{= kw}%?%+Lw%?%?%= %{g}][%{Y}%l%{g}]%{=b C}[ %m/%d %c ]%{W}'

This will stop displaying the welcome message and add a status line across the bottom that lists the host, your open tabs, the servers cpu usage and the current time

Linux Tips & Tricks here

2009-05-07T05:47:00.000-07:00

Setup a Disk Drive

*Create a Partition:
o fdisk /dev/(device i.e. sdb)

File system types
o For ext2 use 'mke2fs'

For ext3 use 'mke2fs -j'

For reiserfs use 'mkreiserfs'

For xfs use 'mkfs.xfs'

For jfs use 'mkfs.jfs'

Create a file system (example)
o mke2fs /dev/(device i.e. sdb1)

Activate drive:
o Add entry to /etc/fstab
+ vi /etc/fstab

Mount all devices in fstab
+ mount -a

Note: If unfamiliar with vi, use pico to edit in non visual interface

Mount a Floppy Disk Drive

* mount -t msdos /dev/fd1 /mnt/floppy

(or use ufat instead of msdos)

Search for installed packages

* rpm -qa|grep package (redhat)
* dpkg -qa | grep (Debian Linux)

Remove Installed Package

* rpm -e package (Red Hat)
* dpkg -P package (Debian Linux)
else
apt-get remove package
Managing Most Services

* /etc/init.d

then use command stop i.e. ./Kasenna_Apache stop

Make a link

* ln -s destinationoflink linkname

Check kernel version

* uname -r

Make images of cd-roms or hdd

* dd if=/dev/hda of=/dev/hdc bs=4k block_size

Messages (to other users)

* Send to all
wall message

Send to one user (insert message after
write user

Send to one user on a specific terminal
write user tty1

Compare 2 Source Code Files

* diff -u file1 file2

+ means in #2 not in #1 - means in #1 not in #2

Make software tarball (compression methods)

*

tar -cvf hi.tar *

then

gzip hi.tar

Create md5 check sum

*

md5sum -b boot.gz

Find a file

*

find (dir) -name filename
o

eg. find ./ -name help.txt

find and execute a command on all found files:
o

find (dir) -name (expr) | xargs (command)

Search several text files in several directories

*

grep -r --with-filename 00:00:00:00:00: */mac_table

Get the size of all sub-directories

* du -s *

(use -sk for kilobytes or -sh for human readable)

Send e-mail from console

* echo "Message" | mail -s "subject" recipient1 recipient2 recipient3

Remove first character of line

* cut -c 2-

Remove password on sudo

* in ~/.bash_profile place the line:

export SUDO=sudo

as root run visudo uncomment

%wheel .... no passwords

add users who need passwrodless sudo to wheel group

vi /etc/group

Increase Priority of Process

* nice -n

(pri -20 to 20 where -20 is the fastest or highest priority)

To get files from a ramdisk

* Copy ramdisk to temp dir then:

gunzip ramdisk

mount -o loop -t ext2 ramdisk_img

Get the required files then:

umount

To print a test file from the cli

* lpr filename

To count the number of lines with sed

* sed -n '$=' filename

cat filename | sed -n '$='

Grab One Line out of a Text File

* cat textfile | sed -e 's#\t##g' | sed -n "Line_Number"

Replace one line in a textfile

* sed 10c\\"New_String = -mq${1}" textfile
o

-- Where 10 is the line number

Pull Out String From Line

* echo "inet addr:192.168.145.11 Bcast:192.168.145.255" |sed -e 's/[^i]*inet addr:$[0-9.]*$.*/\1/p'

Redirect Command output

* Redirect Standard to Null

* command > /dev/null
Redirect All Standard to Null

command &> /dev/null

Redirect Errors to Same Location as Standard

command > /dev/null 2>&1

Redirect Errors to Null

command 2> /dev/null

Redirect Standard to File

Just replace "/dev/null" with filename

-- use '>>' to append file instead of overwrite '>'

Use vi in split screen mode

* Enter split screen

* :split
o

Open new file

:e path/filename
o

Switch to Upper Window

ctnl+w k
o

Switch to Lower Window

ctnl+w j

Create a cron job entry

*

Run the crontab editor

crontab -e

Then add entry

Example crontab

*

A decent cron template. Remove commands or add commands as needed (was used for Gentoo so emerge commands will not be valid on a non-Gentoo rig)

#!/bin/sh
cdmailto=me
SHELL=/bin/bash
PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:$HOME/bin
# minute (0-59),
# | hour (0-23),
# | | day of the month (1-31),
# | | | month of the year (1-12),
# | | | | day of the week (0-6 with 0=Sunday).
# | | | | | commands

# ------{ default cron crap }---------- #
0 * * * * rm -f /var/spool/cron/lastrun/cron.hourly
1 3 * * * rm -f /var/spool/cron/lastrun/cron.daily
15 4 * * 6 rm -f /var/spool/cron/lastrun/cron.weekly
30 5 1 * * rm -f /var/spool/cron/lastrun/cron.monthly
*/10 * * * * /usr/bin/test -x /usr/sbin/run-crons && /usr/sbin/run-crons
# ------{ daily cron jobs }------------ #
0 1 * * * emerge sync >/dev/null 2>&1
0 2 * * * /backup/backup.sh
40 1 * * * emerge -uDpv world >/home/ben/Reports/emerge.txt
0 3 * * * updatedb && eupdatedb >/dev/null 2>&1
0 4 * * * glsa-check -l | grep '\[N\]'
# ------{ weekly cron jobs }----------- #
15 7 * * 0 makewhatis
0 7 * * 1 fc-cache -fv
0 4 * * 2 tar -cvzf /backup/weekly-backup.tgz /backup/weekly/*
10 4 * * 3 rsync -v -a --delete /backup/weekly-backup.tgz /mnt/nfs/backup/weekly-backup.tgz
# ------{ bi-weekly & monthly jobs }--- #
"

Links

http://www.acck.edu/~jerod/spellbook.html
Boot into single user mode

1. On boot up get to the grub menu 2. press 'e' to edit your boot parameters 3. add "init=/bin/sh" to the list of kernel parameters 4. save and then boot off that modified selection 5. you will now have root access in singl user mode

testing

2009-05-07T04:10:00.000-07:00

Free DHTML scripts provided by

Dynamic Drive

SCCS - (Source Code Control System)

2009-05-06T03:04:00.001-07:00

The following commands assume an SCCS repository in /sccs.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

To get a read only copy of a file:

  get /sccs/migrate/scripts/s.

  NOTE:  You can get multiple files using standard Unix wildcard

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

To get an editable copy of a file:

  get -e /sccs/migrate/scripts/s.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

To check edited copy into repository:

  delta /sccs/migrate/scripts/s.

  NOTE:  Please put in a comment when prompted.
  Also, the delta command removes the file from your directory so you have to
  get it again if you want to run it.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

To get history of changes:

  prs /sccs/migrate/scripts/s.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

To compare two revisions of a file (Example rev 1.6 and 1.7):

  sccsdiff -r1.6 -r1.7 /sccs/migrate/scripts/s.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

To add a new file:

  admin -i -y"COMMENT" /sccs/migrate/scripts/s.

  The admin does not remove it from your directory.
  However, the unexpanded keywords are still in the file so it appears to
  be an editable copy.

Backing up the CVS Repository - (CVSNT-Window)

2009-05-06T03:03:00.001-07:00

One the easiest ways in which to backup the CVS Repository on Windows is to schedule a task that runs under and known account. Put the following into a batch file and run it from the schedule:

net stop CVS
xcopy d:\cvsrepo \\server\cvsbackup /Q /S /C /H /R /O /Y
net start CVS

Logging into CVS / Setting CVSROOT - (CVSNT-Window)

2009-05-06T03:02:00.002-07:00

Now let's cover what is possible the most difficult component of CVSNT and that is security and adding users. Please be aware that as I write this section of the documentation, I still have a tremendous amount to learn about security within CVSNT. I am only writing this section with what I know and how to get logged on using a local area network. If you are connecting your CVS repository to the Internet, please be aware that there are security problems with the :pserver: protocol. As I learn more about security with CVSNT, I will continue in updating this section of the documentation.

Using a Local Version of CVS

In some cases, you may be developing on the same machine as the CVS server. In this case, you can simply set the CVSROOT environment variable to the absolute path of the CVS Repository. For example:

C:\> set cvsroot=c:\cvsrepo\test

C:\> cvs ls -l -R

Listing modules on server

Directory CVSROOT

checkoutlist                    1.1     Fri Jan 23 16:19:24 2004
commitinfo                      1.1     Fri Jan 23 16:19:24 2004
config                          1.1     Fri Jan 23 16:19:24 2004
cvsrc                           1.1     Fri Jan 23 16:19:24 2004
cvswrappers                     1.1     Fri Jan 23 16:19:24 2004
editinfo                        1.1     Fri Jan 23 16:19:24 2004
historyinfo                     1.1     Fri Jan 23 16:19:24 2004
loginfo                         1.1     Fri Jan 23 16:19:24 2004
modules                         1.1     Fri Jan 23 16:19:24 2004
notify                          1.1     Fri Jan 23 16:19:24 2004
postcommit                      1.1     Fri Jan 23 16:19:24 2004
rcsinfo                         1.1     Fri Jan 23 16:19:24 2004
taginfo                         1.1     Fri Jan 23 16:19:24 2004
verifymsg                       1.1     Fri Jan 23 16:19:24 2004

Directory CVSROOT/Emptydir

Using the :pserver: Protocol

This section discusses how to add CVS users. Keep in mind that adding users to CVS is only required if you are using the :pserver: protocol. If your users are all on MS Windows PC's, this is not recommended since it has inherent security flaws. It would be better to use either SSPI or :ntserver: (keep in mind however that :ntserver: is being phased out now) because these protocols integrate much better with Windows NT. If you do plan on using the SSPI protocol, then you can skip this discussion of how to add and manage users.
To start, open a command window and do the following - (replace all items with the real values from your system) :

NOTE: When using the :ntserver: protocol, the computer name cannot be entered as "localhost", it must be the real name of the computer.
C:\> set cvsroot=:pserver:@:/TEST
The following example, I will loging to CVS using the :pserver: protocol. The CVS server is named bartman and my user name is jhunter. Keep in mind that I needed to first create the local user, jhunter, on the CVS host. (Which in this example is named bartman.)
C:\> set cvsroot=:pserver:jhunter@bartman:/TEST

C:\> cvs login
(Logging in to jhunter@bartman)
CVS password: *******
To logout of the CVS user, use the following:
C:\> cvs logout
(Logging out of jhunter@bartman)

Using Other Protocols

C:\> set cvsrot=:sspi:jhunter@bartman:/test

C:\> cvs login
(Logging in to jhunter@bartman)
CVS password:**********

C:\> cvs logout
(Logging out of jhunter@bartman)

C:\> set cvsrot=:local:jhunter@bartman:/test

C:\> cvs login
(Logging in to jhunter@bartman)
CVS password:**********

C:\> cvs logout
(Logging out of jhunter@bartman)

Logging into CVS / Setting CVSROOT - (CVSNT-Window)

2009-05-06T03:02:00.001-07:00

Using a Local Version of CVS

In some cases, you may be developing on the same machine as the CVS server. In this case, you can simply set the CVSROOT environment variable to the absolute path of the CVS Repository. For example:

C:\> set cvsroot=c:\cvsrepo\test

C:\> cvs ls -l -R

Listing modules on server

Directory CVSROOT

checkoutlist                    1.1     Fri Jan 23 16:19:24 2004
commitinfo                      1.1     Fri Jan 23 16:19:24 2004
config                          1.1     Fri Jan 23 16:19:24 2004
cvsrc                           1.1     Fri Jan 23 16:19:24 2004
cvswrappers                     1.1     Fri Jan 23 16:19:24 2004
editinfo                        1.1     Fri Jan 23 16:19:24 2004
historyinfo                     1.1     Fri Jan 23 16:19:24 2004
loginfo                         1.1     Fri Jan 23 16:19:24 2004
modules                         1.1     Fri Jan 23 16:19:24 2004
notify                          1.1     Fri Jan 23 16:19:24 2004
postcommit                      1.1     Fri Jan 23 16:19:24 2004
rcsinfo                         1.1     Fri Jan 23 16:19:24 2004
taginfo                         1.1     Fri Jan 23 16:19:24 2004
verifymsg                       1.1     Fri Jan 23 16:19:24 2004

Directory CVSROOT/Emptydir

Using the :pserver: Protocol

This section discusses how to add CVS users. Keep in mind that adding users to CVS is only required if you are using the :pserver: protocol. If your users are all on MS Windows PC's, this is not recommended since it has inherent security flaws. It would be better to use either SSPI or :ntserver: (keep in mind however that :ntserver: is being phased out now) because these protocols integrate much better with Windows NT. If you do plan on using the SSPI protocol, then you can skip this discussion of how to add and manage users.
To start, open a command window and do the following - (replace all items with the real values from your system) :

NOTE: When using the :ntserver: protocol, the computer name cannot be entered as "localhost", it must be the real name of the computer.
C:\> set cvsroot=:pserver:@:/TEST
The following example, I will loging to CVS using the :pserver: protocol. The CVS server is named bartman and my user name is jhunter. Keep in mind that I needed to first create the local user, jhunter, on the CVS host. (Which in this example is named bartman.)
C:\> set cvsroot=:pserver:jhunter@bartman:/TEST

C:\> cvs login
(Logging in to jhunter@bartman)
CVS password: *******
To logout of the CVS user, use the following:
C:\> cvs logout
(Logging out of jhunter@bartman)

Using Other Protocols

C:\> set cvsrot=:sspi:jhunter@bartman:/test

C:\> cvs login
(Logging in to jhunter@bartman)
CVS password:**********

C:\> cvs logout
(Logging out of jhunter@bartman)

C:\> set cvsrot=:local:jhunter@bartman:/test

C:\> cvs login
(Logging in to jhunter@bartman)
CVS password:**********

C:\> cvs logout
(Logging out of jhunter@bartman)

Creating a CVS Repository - (CVSNT-Window)

2009-05-06T03:01:00.000-07:00

First, open the CVSNT Control Panel applet. The applet is located in the Control Panel and is generally called CVS for NT (the green fish). A full description of the CVSNT Control Panel applet is described above (in the Post Installation Steps section).
Then, check to make sure that the CVS Service is not running. If it is, click on the Stop button to stop the service.
Now you will need to set the Repository Prefix. Go to the "Repositories" tab. It will initially look like this:

Check the checkbox for the Repository Prefix and browse to the directory you created c:\cvsrepos using the ellipsis button.
After successfully setting the Repository Prefix and selecting the Repository Prefix directory, your screen should look like the following:
Now let's create our first CVS repository. To do this, we will stay on the same screen we were on (above) and click the "Add" button. This will bring up the "Enter path to new root" dialog. Fill this dialog box in as follows:

After hitting the "OK" button, your screen should look like the following:

Now go to the "Advanced" tab and view the checkboxes. Initially, this screen should look like the following:

In this screen, first change the Temporary Directory to C:\cvstemp.

Now go back to the protocol support. Here you have three options to set/clear:

Support ntserver protocol. This is what CVSNT has been using for NT connectivity, but it is being phased out in favor of the SSPI protocol, which works over TCP/IP.
Impersonation enabled. This setting allows CVSNT to operate in the guise of the user actually doing the command. So with this flag on you can use file system permissions.
Use local users instead of domain. Use this if you don't have a domain to authenticate against. Note that in this mode your users must have valid accounts on the server PC itself.

For these tests check all checkboxes (except for "Don't resolve client names"). You can later go back and change these settings at a later time.

Your "Advanced" screen should now look like the following:

NOTE: You MUST click the "Apply" button. This is important. Nothing will happen unless you hit the Apply button. Note that after you have done this, the "Apply" button is disabled.

Finally, go back to the "Service Status" tab and start the CVS Service service. If your service successfully starts, your screen should look like the following:

Installing WinCVS (CVSNT-Window)

2009-05-06T03:00:00.000-07:00

Overview

CVS is the Concurrent Versions System, the dominant open-source network-transparent version control system. CVS is useful for everyone from individual developers to large, distributed teams:

Its client-server access method lets developers access the latest code from anywhere there's an Internet connection.
Its unreserved check-out model to version control avoids artificial conflicts common with the exclusive check-out model.
Its client tools are available on most platforms.

This articles provides an overview of the steps required to install and configure CVSNT, version 2.0.14.

Downloading CVSNT

You can download the Windows version of CVS, named CVSNT, from the following site:
    Windows version of the CVS: http://www.cvsnt.org
   
Here are several other CVS website that you may find useful:
    CVS Domain Home Page:       http://www.cvshome.org
   GUI front-end for CVS:      http://www.wincvs.org
   Java client:                http://www.jcvs.org
   

Installing the CVSNT Software

IMPORTANT: Use a local disk! CVSNT does not work properly unless the repository files are located on a disk on the local PC. Don't try to use a network drive or a mapped disk (not even a mapped disk aimed at the local PC)! It will not work and there are numerous reasons, here is one
CVSNT runs as a service and thus acts as the SYSTEM user account. This account has no permissions on the network and so cannot access the files if they are on a remote server. In fact if the files are on the same PC does not help either if they are accessed using the network via an UNC path. The dive is still considered to be on the network where SYSTEM cannot operate. So don't even try to create such a configuration!

Before starting the CVSNT installation, create two directories on the target machine:
c:\cvsrepo
c:\cvstemp
NOTE: The important point here is that the disk where the repository is located on is NTFS. Where CVSNT itself is installed in not important, it can be on FAT32 or NTFS or whatever. In this document I assume that C: has been used.

NOTE: The cvstemp directory must NOT be located in either c:\WINNT\Temp or anywhere in the "C:\Documents and Settings" tree because these locations have imposed restrictions on user access in Win2000 and Win-XP!

Now run the downloaded CVSNT setup file. For the purpose of this example, I will choose to install CVSNT to the path c:\cvsnt
The following is a set of screen shots along with detailed information on how to install the CVSNT software product.
Welcome Screen

License Agreement

Install Directory Selection

As stated in the introduction, I will be installing CVSNT to c:\cvsnt. I generally try to avoid directory names with spaces.

Anti-virus Software Warning

You version of CVSNT may prompt you with another screen indicating that Anti-virus software can cause corruption in your repository. There will be a checkbox that you have to select saying that I understand before you can continue the installation.

Installation Component Selection Screen

When installing CVSNT, all of the components may not be required to install it as a server. Make sure to check all components in this screen (as shown below).

Shortcut Folder Selection

Task Selection Screen

On some versions of CVSNT, some of the tasks may not be selected. Make sure that all tasks are selected (as shown in the above screen).

Ready to Install Screen

Installation Progress Screen

Installation is Complete!

Post Installation Steps

Note that there are times where the installer may complain that it was not table to set the PATH environment variable at the end of the installation. If this happens, you can simply open the Control Panel and double-click the System icon. Go to the Environment tab (for Windows 2000) or the Advanced tab (for Windows XP). From there you will need to set the System variable path to include c:\cvsnt; to the begining of the PATH variable and save it (Apply).
Location of this setting page varies between NT4, Windows 2000, and XP. You may have to search around a bit.

Ensure that the CVSNT Control Panel Configuration applet was installed. To do this, open your Control Panel and look for the CVSNT applet (the green fish).

If you have problems locating the CVSNT Control Panel applet, it might be because one or several of a few system .DLL's are missing. These libraries were suppose to be installed by the CVSNT installer, but sometimes this step fails. The files you will need can be extracted from the binary download of CVSNT. These are the files that you might find missing:

mfc70.dll - (needs registration)
mfc70u.dll - (needs registration)
msvcp70.dll
msvcr70.dll

Once you have located the files, copy them to the %WINDOWS%\system32 folder.

Using CVS Keywords in File Headers(Linux)

2009-05-06T02:57:00.000-07:00

This article provides a brief introduction on how to use CVS Keywords in the file header of files checked into a CVS repository.

One of the most popular keywords in CVS is $Id$. This CVS keyword will expand out to the name of the RCS file (which is the name of the file plus a ,v), the revision number, the last modified date, and the username of the person to last modify the file. I will generally include the $Id$ keyword somewhere in the header of any file I write that's under CVS revision control.

CVS keywords supported by CVS are mostly inherited from RCS. If you have used RCS in the past, these should all be very familiar. Another popular CVS keyword is $Revision$ - it will contain just the revision number. $Date$ will put in just the last modified date. end CVS log entries to the file, and so on. Another popular CVS keyword is $Log$ which will append CVS log entries to the file. I do not recommend using this one since it is just as easy to extract that information out of cvs log.

All examples were run on Sun Solaris 2.8 using CVS Release 1.11.14.

Example File Header

The following is a commonly used file header:
Author   : Name 
Subject  : Title of Documentation
Revision : $Id$
When committed to CVS, the above file header will expand out to something like:
/*
*  Author   : Amaresh Das  
*  Subject  : Demonstrate the Use of CVS Keywords
*  Revision : $Id: File2.java,v 1.3 2004/06/02 17:30:42 AmareshCD Exp $
*/

Using CVS Keywords in Other File Types

For Java Source Code Files

/**
* $Id$
*
* Used to test the functionality of using CVS keywords
* in Java source code files.
*
* @author Amaresh Das
* @author avirus_944@yahoo.co.in
* @author www.bangaloreorbits.com
* @version 3.0,    30-JUN-2004
* @since SDK1.4
*/

For Shell Scripts

#!/bin/sh
# Author       : Name 
# Description  : One line description of script.
# $Id$

For Perl Scripts

#!/usr/bin/perl
$ID = q$Id$;
#
# Author       : Name 
# Description  : One line description of script.
# Copyright 2004 iDevelopment.info

For C Source Code Files

/*
* $Id$
*
* Description  : One line description of file.
* Author       : Name 
*
* Copyright 2004 iDevelopment.info
*
* Purpose      :
*     Long description of what the file is for.
*/

Working with Tags, Branches, and Merging Branches in CVS (Linux)

2009-05-06T02:56:00.000-07:00

Overview This article provides a brief look into the use of Tags and Branches within CVS along with how to merge branches. This document assumes a basic familiarity with basic CVS concepts including what a CVS module and repository is, along with how to perform simple check-in, check-out, and commit operations.

Before going into the details of tags and branches, let's take a look at some of the concepts that will be covered in this document:

Tree structure
When you store code in a CVS repository, you can think of it has a tree. The shape of the tree in this context, is not based on the directory structure of the code, but rather on the different versions of the code.
Trunk
When code gets modified and is committed back in to the repository, it adds another revision is created. The tree gets extended with this new revision. If you did not specify a branch when checking out the code to the working directory, the tree simply grows in a line along the main trunk of the tree.
Tags
Tags are used to name a particular version of the code. Developers can then use the tagged version of the code to compare different revisions, to go back to an earlier version, or to specify a place to create a branch from.
Branches
Branches allow different development paths to be worked on within the CVS tree. Branches can be created from the main trunk (HEAD), or from other branches.

Exporting a Module in CVS (Linux)

2009-05-06T02:55:00.000-07:00

The cvs export command can be used when you need to get a copy of the codebase to someone, but without the CVS administrative directories.

The syntax is:

cvs export -r tag module

In many cases, I will need to export the codebase of a module at the HEAD of the main trunk. Simply use the HEAD tag to perform this. The following example, will export the latest codebase for the TestCvsModule module:

cvs export -r HEAD TestCvsModule

NOTE: There is a bug in several versions of CVS that will prevent the developer from exporting a module if your CVSROOT variable has a trailing slash. It will give you this error:

% echo $CVSROOT
/var/lib/cvsroot/

% cvs export -r HEAD module
cvs [export aborted]: cannot export into working directory

To fix this, simply remove the trailing slash from your CVSROOT environment variable and issue the export command again:

% export CVSROOT=/var/lib/cvsroot

% echo $CVSROOT
/var/lib/cvsroot

% cvs export -r HEAD TestCvsModule

NOTE: There are versions of CVS that have reported, what I think is a bug, that when someone has exported a HEAD revision of a cvs module:

cvs export -r HEAD

, that deleted files (files in the Attic) are also exported.

Working with Binary Files within CVS

2009-05-06T02:54:00.001-07:00

Overview

While the most common use for CVS is to store text files, there are many times when developers will need to include several binary files within a CVS module. When working with text files, CVS can perform merges on different revisions of a file, display the difference between revisions of a file in a human-visible fashion, and several other such operations. With binary files, however, CVS is not able to perform these types of operations.
Most developers are familiar with CVS's ability to show the difference between two revisions of a file. For example, if a developer checked in a new version of a file, they may wish to look at what they changed and determine whether their changes are satisfactory. When working with text files, CVS can easily provide this functionality via the cvs diff command. With binary files, it may be possible to extract the two revisions and then compare them with a tool external to CVS (for example, a word processor or graphics program).
The ability to merge two revisions of a file is another of those possibilities in CVS. When a developer makes a change in a separate working area (directories) and also when one merges explicitly with the "update -j" command, CVS can merge the changes and if a change creates a conflict, CVS can signal the developer to resolve the issue. With binary files, the best CVS can do is present the two different copies of the file, and leave it to the developer to resolve the conflict. The developer may choose one copy or the other, or may run an external merge tool against the two binary files that know its binary format. Keep in mind that having a user merge relies on the user to not accidentally omit some changes, and thus is potentially error prone.
As you can see, this process can be undesirable and the best choice may be to avoid merging. To avoid the merges that result from separate working directories. There are two issues with using CVS to store binary files. The first is that CVS by default, converts line endings between the canonical form in which they are stored in the repository (linefeed only), and the form appropriate to the operating system in use on the client (for example, carriage return followed by line feed for Windows NT).
The second is that a binary file might happen to contain data which looks like a keyword , so keyword expansion must be turned off.
The '-kb' option available with some CVS commands insures that neither line ending conversion nor keyword expansion will be done.
Here is an example of how you can create a new file using the '-kb' flag:
$ echo '$Id$' > kotest
$ cvs add -kb -m"A test file" kotest
$ cvs ci -m"First checkin; contains a keyword" kotest
If a file accidentally gets added without '-kb', one can use the cvs admin command to recover. For example:
$ echo '$Id$' > kotest
$ cvs add -m"A test file" kotest
$ cvs ci -m"First checkin; contains a keyword" kotest
$ cvs admin -kb kotest
$ cvs update -A kotest
# For non-unix systems:
# Copy in a good copy of the file from outside CVS
$ cvs commit -m "make it binary" kotest
When you check in the file 'kotest' the file is not preserved as a binary file, because you did not check it in as a binary file. The cvs admin -kb command sets the default keyword substitution method for this file, but it does not alter the working copy of the file that you have. If you need to cope with line endings (that is, you are using CVS on a non-unix system), then you need to check in a new copy of the file, as shown by the cvs commit command above. On unix, the cvs update -A command suffices.
However, in using cvs admin -k to change the keyword expansion, be aware that the keyword expansion mode is not version controlled. This means that, for example, that if you have a text file in old releases, and a binary file with the same name in new releases, CVS provides no way to check out the file in text or binary mode depending on what version you are checking out. There is no good workaround for this problem.
You can also set a default for whether cvs add and cvs import treat a file as binary based on its name; for example you could say that files who names end in '.exe' are binary. See the cvswrappers file below. There is currently no way to have CVS detect whether a file is binary based on its contents. The main difficulty with designing such a feature is that it is not clear how to distinguish between binary and non-binary files, and the rules to apply would vary considerably with the operating system.
It is possible to set the default behavior that CVS will use for recognizing binary files with cvs add and cvs import operations by configuring the cvswrappers file within the CVSROOT module.

The cvswrappers File Wrappers allow you to set a hook which transforms files on their way in and out of CVS.

The file 'cvswrappers' defines the script that will be run on a file when its name matches a regular expresion. There are two scripts that can be run on a file or directory. One script is executed on the file/directory before being checked into the repository (this is denoted with the -t flag) and the other when the file is checked out of the repository (this is denoted with the -f flag). The '-t'/'-f' feature does not work with client/server CVS.

The 'cvswrappers' also has a '-m' option to specify the merge methodology that should be used when a non-binary file is updated. MERGE means the usual CVS behavior: try to merge the files. COPY means that cvs update will refuse to merge files, as it also does for files specified as binary with '-kb' (but if the file is specified as binary, there is no need to specify '-m 'COPY''). CVS will provide the user with the two versions of the files, and require the user using mechanisms outside CVS, to insert any necessary changes.

WARNING: do not use COPY with CVS 1.9 or earlier - such versions of CVS will copy one version of your file over the other, wiping out the previous contents. The '-m' wrapper option only affects behavior when merging is done on update; it does not affect how files are stored.

The basic format of the file 'cvswrappers' is:

wildcard     [option value][option value]...

where option is one of
-f           from cvs filter         value: path to filter
-t           to cvs filter           value: path to filter
-m           update methodology      value: MERGE or COPY
-k           keyword expansion       value: expansion mode

and value is a single-quote delimited value.

*.nib    -f 'unwrap %s' -t 'wrap %s %s' -m 'COPY'
*.c      -t 'indent %s %s'

The above example of a 'cvswrappers' file states that all files/directories that end with a .nib should be filtered with the 'wrap' program before checking the file into the repository. The file should be filtered though the 'unwrap' program when the file is checked out of the repository. The 'cvswrappers' file also states that a COPY methodology should be used when updating the files in the repository (that is, no merging should be performed).

The last example line says that all files that end with .c should be filtered with 'indent' before being checked into the repository. Unlike the previous example, no filtering of the .c file is done when it is checked out of the repository. The -t filter is called with two arguments, the first is the name of the file/directory to filter and the second is the pathname to where the resulting filtered file should be placed.

The -f filter is called with one argument, which is the name of the file to filter from. The end result of this filter will be a file in the users directory that they can work on as they normally would.

Note that the '-t'/'-f' features do not conveniently handle one portion of CVS's operation: determining when files are modified. CVS will still want a file (or directory) to exist, and it will use its modification time to determine whether a file is modified. If CVS erroneously thinks a file is unmodified (for example, a directory is unchanged but one of the files within it is changed), you can force it to check in the file anyway by specifying the '-f' option to cvs commit.

For another example, the following command imports a directory, treating files whose name ends in '.exe' as binary:

$ cvs import -I ! -W "*.exe -k 'b'" first-dir vendortag reltag

Here is an example cvswrappers file that can be checked into the CVSROOT module:

# This file affects handling of files based on their names.
#
# The -m option specifies whether CVS attempts to merge files.
#
# The -k option specifies keyword expansion (e.g. -kb for binary).
#
# Format of wrapper file ($CVSROOT/CVSROOT/cvswrappers or .cvswrappers)
#
#  wildcard [option value][option value]...
#
#  where option is one of
#  -m  update methodology value: MERGE or COPY
#  -k  expansion mode  value: b, o, kkv, &c
#
#  and value is a single-quote delimited value.
# For example:
#*.gif -k 'b'
*.CLASS   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.DOC   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.EAR   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.GIF   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.JPG   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.PDF   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.TAR   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.WAR   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.ZIP   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.avi   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.bin   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.bz    -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.bz2   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.class   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.doc   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.ear   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.exe   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.gif   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.gz    -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.hqx   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.jar   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.jpeg  -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.jpg   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.mov   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.mp3   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.mpg   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.pdf   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.png   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.ppt   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.rpm   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.sit   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.srpm  -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.swf   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.tar   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.tbz   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.tgz   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.tif   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.tiff  -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.war   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.xbm   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.xls   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
*.zip   -k 'b' -m 'COPY'
#

Removing Projects from CVS(linux)

2009-05-06T02:53:00.000-07:00

This article describes the steps necessary to remove a project from the CVS repository. For the purpose of this article, the project we will want to remove is ProjectX and the directory location for the repository is /var/lib/cvsroot.

Deleting a project from the CVS repository is nothing more than deleting its directory structure from within the repository. Here is a short list of the steps:

First, ensure that all users have commited and released their project work area (sandbox) before you attempt to delete the project.

Now, delete the directory structure for your project from the CVS repository. In this example, I will be deleting the project named "ProjectX" from the repository:

% cd /var/lib/cvsroot

% ls -l
total 4
drwxrwsr-x   3 cvs      cvsdev      1024 Jan 23 19:30 CVSROOT/
drwxrwsr-x   2 oracle   cvsdev       512 Jan 24 19:38 ProjectX/

% rm -rf ProjectX

It is possible for a project to have entries in the scripting files within the CVSROOT directory. The most critical scripting file to c